Title: Apparatus and method for providing multiple power supply voltages to an integrated circuit
Abstract: There is disclosed an apparatus and method for providing multiple power supply voltages to an integrated circuit. In an integrated circuit of the type comprising at least two power supply domains in which each power supply domain comprises at least one module powered by the same voltage level, the apparatus and method of the present invention blocks an output signal in a first power supply domain from being sent to a second power supply domain when the second power supply domain is in a low power mode. The apparatus and method of the present invention also blocks an output signal from a first power supply domain from being received in a second power supply domain when the first power supply domain is in a low power mode. Power sense cells are used to determine the status of power supply domains and logic circuits are used to block undesired signals. The present invention also properly synchronizes clock signals when power supply domains are activated or inactivated.
Patent Number: 6,864,600 Issued on 03/08/2005 to Malinovitch
| Inventors:
|
Malinovitch; Aviv (Hod Hasharon, IL)
|
| Assignee:
|
National Semiconductor Corporation (Santa Clara, CA)
|
| Appl. No.:
|
780100 |
| Filed:
|
February 9, 2001 |
| Current U.S. Class: |
307/70; 307/87; 307/116; 307/125; 307/130 |
| Intern'l Class: |
H02J 001//00 |
| Field of Search: |
307/87,134,139,70,116,125,130
713/330
|
References Cited [Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
| 5848281 | Dec., 1998 | Smalley et al. | 395/750.
|
| 6195755 | Feb., 2001 | Webster et al. | 713/330.
|
| 6529032 | Mar., 2003 | Cruickshank et al. | 326/14.
|
Primary Examiner: DeBeradinis; Robert
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. For use in an integrated circuit of the type comprising at least two
power supply domains in which each power supply domain comprises at least
one module powered by the same voltage level, an apparatus for blocking an
output signal in a first power supply domain from being sent to a second
power supply domain when said second power supply domain is in a low power
mode.
2. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein said apparatus comprises:
a power sense cell within said integrated circuit, said power sense cell
capable of determining whether said second power supply domain is in a low
power mode, and
a logic circuit capable of blocking said output signal in said first power
supply domain from being sent to said second power supply domain when said
power sense cell determines that said second power supply domain is in a
low power mode.
3. The apparatus as claimed in claim 2 wherein said logic circuit comprises
an AND gate having as a first input said output signal of said first power
supply domain, and having as a second input a signal from said power sense
cell.
4. The apparatus as claimed in claim 2 wherein said power sense cell is
located within said first power supply domain.
5. The apparatus as claimed in claim 2 wherein said power sense cell
comprises a Schmitt trigger circuit.
6. The apparatus as claimed in claim 2 further comprising an apparatus for
synchronizing blocked clock signals to prevent clock signals from being
shortened by a signal from said power sense cell.
7. The apparatus as claimed in claim 6 wherein said apparatus comprises:
a first D flip flop circuit having as one input a signal from said power
sense cell, and having as a second input a clock signal;
a second D flip flop circuit having as one input an output signal from said
first D flip flop circuit, and having as a second input said clock signal;
and
an AND gate having as one input an output signal from said second D flip
flop circuit, and having as a second input said clock signal.
8. For use in an integrated circuit of the type comprising at least two
power supply domains in which each power supply domain comprises at least
one module powered by the same voltage level, an apparatus for blocking an
output signal in a first power supply domain from being received in a
second power supply domain when said first power supply domain is in a low
power mode.
9. The apparatus as claimed in claim 8 wherein said apparatus comprises:
a power sense cell within said integrated circuit, said power sense cell
capable of determining whether said first power supply domain is in a low
power mode, and
a logic circuit capable of blocking said output signal from said first
power supply domain from being received in said second power supply domain
when said power sense cell determines that said first power supply domain
is in a low power mode.
10. The apparatus as claimed in claim 9 wherein said logic circuit
comprises an AND gate having as a first input said output signal from said
first power supply domain, and having as a second input a signal from said
power sense cell.
11. The apparatus as claimed in claim 9 wherein said power sense cell is
located within said second power supply domain.
12. The apparatus as claimed in claim 9 wherein said power sense cell
comprises a Schmitt trigger circuit.
13. The apparatus as claimed in claim 9 further comprising an apparatus for
synchronizing blocked clock signals to prevent clock signals from being
shortened by a signal from said power sense cell.
14. The apparatus as claimed in claim 13 wherein said apparatus comprises:
a first D flip flop circuit having as one input a signal from said power
sense cell, and having as a second input a clock signal;
a second D flip flop circuit having as one input an output signal from said
first D flip flop circuit, and having as a second input said clock signal;
and
an AND gate having as one input an output signal from said second D flip
flop circuit, and having as a second input said clock signal.
15. For use in an integrated circuit of the type comprising at least two
power supply domains in which each power supply domain comprises at least
one module powered by the same voltage level, a method for blocking an
output signal in a first power supply domain from being sent to a second
power supply domain when said second power supply domain is in a low power
mode, said method comprising the steps of:
sensing with a power sense cell when said second power supply domain is in
a low power mode; and
blocking said output signal in said first power supply domain from being
sent to said second power supply domain when said power sense cell
determines that said second power supply domain is in a low power mode.
16. The method as claimed in claim 15 wherein the step of blocking said
output signal in said first power supply domain from being sent to said
second power supply domain comprises the steps of:
sending said output signal in said first power supply domain to a first
input of an AND gate; and
sending a signal from said power sense cell to a second input of said AND
gate.
17. The method as claimed in claim 15 wherein said power sense cell is
located in within said first power supply domain.
18. The method as claimed in claim 15 wherein said power sense cell
comprises a Schmitt trigger circuit.
19. The method as claimed in claim 15 further comprising the step of:
synchronizing blocked clock signals to prevent clock signals from being
shortened by a signal from said power sense cell.
20. For use in an integrated circuit of the type comprising at least two
power supply domains in which each power supply domain comprises at least
one module powered by the same voltage level, a method for blocking an
output signal in a first power supply domain from being received in a
second power supply domain when said first power supply domain is in a low
power mode, said method comprising the steps of:
sensing with a power sense cell when said first power supply domain is in a
low power mode; and
blocking said output signal in said first power supply domain from being
received in said second power supply domain when said power sense cell
determines that said first power supply domain is in a low power mode.
21. The method as claimed in claim 20 wherein the step of blocking said
output signal in said first power supply domain from being received in
said second power supply domain comprises the steps of:
sending said output signal from said first power supply domain to a first
input of an AND gate; and
sending a signal from said power sense cell to a second input of said AND
gate.
22. The method as claimed in claim 20 wherein said power sense cell is
located in within said second power supply domain.
23. The method as claimed in claim 20 wherein said power sense cell
comprises a Schmitt trigger circuit.
24. The method as claimed in claim 20 further comprising the step of:
synchronizing blocked clock signals to prevent clock signals from being
shortened by a signal from said power sense cell.
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is generally directed to providing electrical power
to electronic circuits and, more specifically, to an apparatus and method
for providing multiple power supply voltages to integrated circuits.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
An integrated circuit (IC) is a semiconductor wafer on which thousands or
millions of tiny resistors, capacitors, and transistors are fabricated. An
integrated circuit is also known as a "microchip" or a "chip." Integrated
circuit technology enables different electronic modules to be combined
into a single integrated circuit. The term "module" refers to a unit
within a larger device that is designed to be separately installed,
replaced, or serviced. A great deal of effort has been invested in the
development of chips in which an entire electronic system is integrated
with both hardware and software on a single chip.
Such an implementation is known as a "System-On-a-Chip" or an "SOC". In a
System-on-a-Chip implementation Intellectual Property (IP) elements and/or
Virtual Components (VC) are mixed and matched on a single integrated
circuit chip. An IP element may be any custom hardware development. IP
elements are usually reused for different operations and tasks. Virtual
Components (VC) are software implementations that handle the IP elements
and manage operations of the chip.
System-On-a-Chip designs are based on the reuse of IP elements. An
illustrative example of an SOC design is an information appliance called
Geode.TM. SC1400. Geode.TM. SC1400 is a trademark of National
Semiconductor Corporation. Geode.TM. SC1440 comprises a single integrated
circuit chip in which several data acquisition and processing units are
embedded. Additional information on Geode.TM. SC1400 may be obtained at
the following website address:
"http://www.national.com/appinfo/solutions/0,2062,243,00.html."
The Geode.TM. SC1400 comprises an x86-compatible processor, an MPEG2
decoder, a cathode ray tube (CRT) interface, a television (TV) video
processor, a bridge, and super input/output (I/O) block, all of which
require a plurality of conventionally designed chip devices. Each of the
components of the Geode.TM. SC1400 is implemented from one or more
independent modules, where each module has data input/output (I/O) and a
connection to a power supply. It is not necessary to understand the design
or operation of the Geode.TM. SC1400 in order to be able to understand the
principles of the present invention. The Geode.TM. SC1400 is described in
this patent document only as an illustrative example of a
System-On-a-Chip.
In System-On-a-Chip implementations like the Geode.TM. SC1400 described
above, different modules on the chip may be analog and/or digital,
according to their designed function. For example, the bridge and the
processors are digital modules, while the super input/output (I/O) module
is an analog module. The super input/output (I/O) module comprises analog
elements because it processes analog signals.
In a System-On-a-Chip implementation different modules use different
voltage levels. For example, the Geode.TM. SC1400 utilizes six (6)
different power supply voltages. The need for so many power supply
voltages is due to the different voltage levels required by the modules,
and the requirements for noise immunity and for low power mode operations.
The design of a System-On-a-Chip raises new types of problems, such as
interactions between the different modules, power management, and noise
disturbances arising from the close proximity of analog modules and
digital modules on a single integrated circuit chip. These types of
problems were formerly addressed at the system level. That is, these types
of problems were addressed in the circuit board design stage. However, in
System-On-a-Chip systems, these types of problems have to be addressed
during the design stage of the System-On-a-Chip.
One such problem is the presence of multiple power supply voltages. In an
IP design only one power supply voltage (V.sub.DD) is usually involved. In
a mixed signal design (i.e., analog and digital) two power supply voltages
(V.sub.ANALOG and V.sub.DIGITAL) are usually involved. However, the design
of a System-On-a-Chip can involve a plurality of power supply voltages.
For example, the Geode.TM. SC1400 has six power supply voltages. They are
V.sub.DIGITAL, V.sub.SB, V.sub.BAT, V.sub.CORE, V.sub.IO and V.sub.ANALOG.
Another problem relates to the use of a low power mode to reduce power
consumption. For most of the digital modules and analog modules on a
System-On-a-Chip, there are times when an individual digital module or an
individual analog module is not actively operating. In particular, there
are periods of time during which the modules do not contain valid data.
The data that was generated or processed by the modules has been passed on
to a subsequent stage and will not be required again from the modules.
During such periods of time, a module may enter a low power mode in order
to reduce power consumption. While a module is in a low power mode,
activity of the module is either partially halted or entirely halted. The
module enters a full power mode only when full operation of the module is
required.
A low power mode is typically achieved in a module by cutting off the
module's power supply, and (if required) by maintaining some logic
activated by a low frequency clock to monitor the ongoing activities of
the module. The power cutoff for a module is easily accomplished in an IP
design where only one power supply voltage is involved. The power cutoff
for a module is also easily accomplished in a mixed signal design where
only two power supply voltages are involved.
In a System-On-a-Chip design, however, a plurality of power supply voltages
are involved. Because usually more than two power supply voltages are
involved, the designer of a System-On-a-Chip must confront a diversity of
miscellaneous problems that are caused by the presence of several power
supply voltages. One of the main problems involves preventing and
eliminating incorrect transactions between active modules and inactive
modules.
Some of the other problems that must be addressed are due to noise
interference and clock synchronization that occur when inactive modules
are activated from their low power mode.
There is therefore a need in the art for an apparatus and method that will
provide multiple power supply voltages to an integrated circuit. There is
also a need in the art for an apparatus and method that will prevent and
eliminate incorrect transactions between active modules and inactive
modules. There is also a need in the art for an apparatus and method that
will properly synchronize clock signals when a module is changed from an
active full power mode to an inactive low power mode. There is also a need
in the art for an apparatus and method that will properly synchronize
clock signals when a module is changed from an inactive low power mode to
an active full power mode.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
To address the above-discussed deficiencies of the prior art, it is a
primary object of the present invention to provide an apparatus and method
that will provide multiple power supply voltages to an integrated circuit.
A "power supply domain" is a module or a group of modules on an integrated
circuit chip that are powered by the same power supply voltage. The
present invention is designed for use in an integrated circuit of the type
comprising at least two power supply domains. The apparatus of the present
invention blocks an output signal in a first power supply domain from
being sent to a second power supply domain when the second power supply
domain is in a low power mode. Similarly, the apparatus of the present
invention blocks an output signal from a first power supply domain from
being received in a second power supply domain when said first power
supply domain is in a low power mode.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an apparatus and method
to prevent and eliminate erroneous signals between power supply domains in
an integrated circuit.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide an apparatus and
method to block signals sent to and from power supply domains that are in
a low power mode.
It is also an object of the present invention to provide an apparatus and
method to eliminate "Back Drive" effects between two or more power supply
domains in an integrated circuit.
It is an additional object of the present invention to provide an apparatus
and method to properly synchronize block signals when power supply domains
are activated or inactivated.
It is yet an additional object of the present invention to provide an
apparatus and method to determine if a power supply domain is in an active
status or in an inactive status.
It is another object of the present invention to provide and apparatus and
method that will simplify the design of integrated circuit systems.
Other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent
as the invention is described in detail.
The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical
advantages of the present invention so that those skilled in the art may
better understand the detailed description of the invention that follows.
Additional features and advantages of the invention will be described
hereinafter that form the subject of the claims of the invention. Those
skilled in the art should appreciate that they may readily use the
conception and the specific embodiment disclosed as a basis for modifying
or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the
present invention. Those skilled in the art should also realize that such
equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the
invention in its broadest form.
Before undertaking the DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION below, it may
be advantageous to set forth definitions of certain words and phrases used
throughout this patent document: the terms "include" and "comprise," as
well as derivatives thereof, mean inclusion without limitation; the term
"or," is inclusive, meaning and/or; the phrases "associated with" and
"associated therewith," as well as derivatives thereof, may mean to
include, be included within, interconnect with, contain, be contained
within, connect to or with, couple to or with, be communicable with,
cooperate with, interleave, juxtapose, be proximate to, be bound to or
with, have, have a property of, or the like; and the term "controller"
means any device, system or part thereof that controls at least one
operation, such a device may be implemented in hardware, firmware or
software, or some combination of at least two of the same. It should be
noted that the functionality associated with any particular controller may
be centralized or distributed, whether locally or remotely. Definitions
for certain words and phrases are provided throughout this patent
document, those of ordinary skill in the art should understand that in
many, if not most instances, such definitions apply to prior, as well as
future uses of such defined words and phrases.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
For a more complete understanding of the present invention, and the
advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptions
taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like numbers
designate like objects, and in which:
FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary set of power supply domains comprising one
inactive power supply domain connected between two active power supply
domains;
FIG. 2 illustrates an advantageous embodiment of the present invention
located within the exemplary set of power supply domains shown in FIG. 1;
and
FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a power sense cell for use
with the apparatus and method of the present invention; and
FIG. 4 illustrates an advantageous embodiment of a circuit of the present
invention for synchronizing blocked clock signals.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
FIGS. 1 through 4, discussed below, and the various embodiments used to
describe the principles of the present invention in this patent document
are by way of illustration only and should not be construed in any way to
limit the scope of the invention. Those skilled in the art will understand
that the principles of the present invention may be implemented in any
suitably arranged system comprising multiple power supply voltages.
The design of a System-On-a-Chip presents a designer with radically
different types of problems to solve. Some of the problems that were
formerly addressed at the system level (in the circuit board design stage)
must now be addressed in the design of the integrated circuit chip. As
previously mentioned, a major problem is the presence of multiple power
supply voltages. The design of a System-On-a-Chip usually involves a
plurality of power supply voltages.
For example, the Geode.TM. SC1400 has six power supply voltages. They are
V.sub.DIGITAL, V.sub.SB, V.sub.BAT, V.sub.CORE, V.sub.IO and V.sub.ANALOG.
Each of these six power supply voltages is dedicated to a particular
functionality of one or more of the modules of the Geode.TM. chip. The
V.sub.SB is a power supply voltage that is used for parts of the Geode.TM.
chip that are active in the stand-by mode. The V.sub.AB is a power supply
voltage that is used as a power supply voltage for parts of the Geode.TM.
chip that are active only when the battery supply source is active. That
is, only when the Geode.TM. chip is disconnected from its main power
supply source.
The V.sub.CORE is a power supply voltage that is used for the central
processing unit's (CPU's) module. The V.sub.IO is a power supply voltage
that is used to power the input/output (I/O) modules. The V.sub.ANALOG is
a power supply voltage that is used to power the analog parts of the
Geode.TM. chip. The V.sub.DIGITAL is a power supply voltage that is used
to power all the digital parts of the Geode.TM. chip that are not active
in the stand-by mode, or are not active when the system is disconnected
from its main power supply source, and are not core or I/O modules.
The presence of multiple power supply voltages in an integrated circuit
chip requires a special design to insure that the chip operates properly,
especially when some of the power supply sources are not active. As will
be more fully described, the present invention provides an apparatus and
method for providing multiple power supply voltages to an integrated
circuit so that the presence of the multiple power supply voltages does
not interfere with the proper operation of the integrated circuit.
A "power supply domain" is a module or a group of modules on an integrated
circuit chip that have the same power supply voltage. A power supply
domain may also be referred to as a "Supply Domain." The words "Supply
Domain" are abbreviated with the letters "SD." A "Supply Domain interface"
comprises (1) all the signals that are input signals to a Supply Domain,
and (2) all the signals that are output signals from a Supply Domain. In
some cases, specific signals (e.g., data bus signals) are defined as
bi-directional signals. A bi-directional signal may be an output signal in
one scenario (e.g. a "read" transaction) or an input signal in another
scenario (e.g., a "write" transaction).
FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary set of Supply Domains (100, 101, 102)
comprising an inactive Supply Domain 101 connected between active Supply
Domain 100 and active Supply Domain 102. When in the active state, the
modules in Supply Domain 100 are capable of sending data to the modules in
Supply Domain 101 on signal line 117. Data in the modules in Supply Domain
101 can also be sent to the modules in Supply Domain 102 on signal line
118.
In FIG. 1, Supply Domain 101 is in an inactive state (i.e., in a low power
mode) and Supply Domain 100 and Supply Domain 102 are in an active state
(i.e., in a full power mode). The arrangement of the Supply Domains
illustrated in FIG. 1 is vulnerable to a problem that is referred to as a
"Back Drive" problem. A "Back Drive" problem exists when a data signal
that is correctly sent from an active Supply Domain is incorrectly
received by an inactive Supply Domain. More particularly, the data that is
correctly sent on an output of the active Supply Domain is incorrectly
received by the inactive Supply Domain. "Back Drive" effects occur when
data signals that are sent from the active Supply Domain cause a change in
the electrical state of the inactive Supply Domain.
The situation is made worse when such changes are reflected on the output
of the inactive Supply Domain. The consequences of the output signals of
the inactive Supply Domain are mostly undesirable and the outcome
generally unpredictable.
For example, assume that no protective measures are taken to prevent "Back
Drive" problems in the Supply Domains shown in FIG. 1. The data signals on
signal line 117 are received by the modules in inactive Supply Domain 101.
These data signals may cause Supply Domain 101 to send out erroneous
electrical signals on signal line 118. The erroneous electrical signals on
signal line 118 may be received and processed by Supply Domain 102 as if
the signals were correct signals. The outcome of Supply Domain 102
processing such erroneous signals is unpredictable.
For an additional example, consider a case in which one or more Supply
Domains contains analog modules. In such a case the electrical activity of
the analog modules usually introduces noise interference on the
input/output (I/O) line of one or more of the Supply Domains. Assume that
Supply Domain 101 contains one or more analog modules. Then noise signals
from the analog modules may appear on output signal line 118. Although
Supply Domain 101 is in an inactive state, the noise signals on signal
line 118 may be received and incorrectly interpreted by Supply Domain 102
as if the signals were correct signals. In such a case, Supply Domain 102
has no knowledge regarding the actual state of Supply Domain 101.
The present invention provides an apparatus and method to efficiently
eliminate "Back Drive" effects. The present invention is capable of
efficiently determining which signals on an input line to a Supply Domain
are "legal" signals (i.e., correct signals) and which signals are
"illegal" signals (i.e., erroneous signals). The present invention is also
capable of preventing the sending of unnecessary signals between active
Supply Domains and inactive Supply Domains.
To prevent errors that occur when inactive Supply Domains erroneously send
signals to and from active Supply Domains, it is necessary to block all
signals to and from inactive Supply Domains. For example, in FIG. 1, legal
signals on signal line 117 from active Supply Domain 100 must be blocked
in order to prevent them from entering the input of inactive Supply Domain
101. In the same manner, illegal signals (e.g., noise signals) that may
appear on signal line 118 must be blocked to prevent them from entering
the input of active Supply Domain 102.
FIG. 2 illustrates an advantageous embodiment of the present invention
located within the exemplary set of power supply domains shown in FIG. 1.
The apparatus shown in FIG. 2 is capable of blocking illegal signals that
appear between active Supply Domain 100 and inactive Supply Domain 101.
The apparatus shown in FIG. 2 is also capable of blocking illegal signals
that appear between inactive Supply Domain 101 and active Supply Domain
102.
Logic circuits are provided for blocking illegal signals that may appear on
the signal lines between the Supply Domains. The logic circuits are
implemented in the form of AND gate 212 in Supply Domain 100, AND gate 220
and AND gate 222 in Supply Domain 101, and AND gate 232 in Supply Domain
102. As is well known, an AND gate is a logical circuit which outputs a
High signal if all of its input signals are also High signals.
Supply Domain 100 is provided with a Power Sense Cell (PSC) 211 coupled to
an input of AND gate 212. Power Sense Cell 211 generates a signal that
indicates to AND gate 212 whether the full power supply voltage in Supply
Domain 100 is present.
Similarly, Supply Domain 101 is provided with a Power Sense Cell 224
coupled to an input of AND gate 220 and with a Power Sense Cell 221
coupled to an input of AND gate 222. Power Sense Cell 224 generates a
signal that indicates to AND gate 220 whether the full power supply
voltage in Supply Domain 101 is present. Power Sense Cell 221 generates a
signal that indicates to AND gate 222 whether the full power supply
voltage in Supply Domain 101 is present.
Lastly, Supply Domain 102 is provided with a Power Sense Cell 231 coupled
to an input of AND gate 232. Power Sense Cell 231 generates a signal that
indicates to AND gate 232 whether the full power supply voltage in Supply
Domain 102 is present.
The AND gates shown in FIG. 2 are integrated within each of their
respective Supply Domains. Although the Power Sense Cells shown in FIG. 2
are shown as integrated within each of their respective Supply Domains,
the Power Sense Cells may alternatively be implemented as outside
elements, not within any Supply Domain.
The input/output (I/O) signals to and from each Supply Domain are enabled
or disabled depending upon the state of the Supply Domain that is the
source (or destination) of the signal that is being sent. For example, the
signals on signal line 117 are accepted or rejected at the input of Supply
Domain 101 by the operation of AND gate 220. If Supply Domain 101 is
inactive (i.e., in a low power mode), then Power Sense Cell 224 will send
a zero ("0") signal to an input of AND gate 220. Then the signal on signal
line 117 will not be accepted. If Supply Domain 101 is active (i.e., in a
full power mode), then Power Sense Cell 224 will send a one ("1") signal
to an input of AND gate 220. Then the signal on signal line 117 will be
accepted.
Similarly, the signals on signal line 118 are accepted or rejected at the
input of Supply Domain 102 by the operation of AND gate 232. If Supply
Domain 102 is inactive (i.e., in a low power mode), then Power Sense Cell
231 will send a zero ("0") signal to an input of AND gate 232. Then the
signal on signal line 118 will not be accepted. If Supply Domain 102 is
active (i.e., in a full power mode), then Power Sense Cell 231 will send a
one ("1") signal to an input of AND gate 232. Then the signal on signal
line 118 will be accepted.
An output signal from signal line 210 in Supply Domain 100 will be accepted
on signal line 117 by the operation of AND gate 212. If Supply Domain 101
(the destination Supply Domain) is inactive (i.e., in a low power mode),
then Power Sense Cell 211 will send a zero ("0") signal to an input of AND
gate 212. Then the output signal on signal line 210 will not be sent to
signal line 117. If Supply Domain 101 is active (i.e., in a full power
mode), then Power Sense Cell 211 will send a one ("1") signal to an input
of AND gate 212. Then the output signal on signal line 210 will be sent to
signal line 117.
Similarly, an output signal on signal line 223 in Supply Domain 101 will be
accepted on signal line 118 by the operation of AND gate 222. If Supply
Domain 102 (the destination Supply Domain) is inactive (i.e., in a low
power mode), then Power Sense Cell 221 will send a zero ("0") signal to an
input of AND gate 222. Then the output signal on signal line 223 will not
be sent to signal line 118. If Supply Domain 102 is active (i.e., in a
full power mode), then Power Sense Cell 221 will send a one ("1") signal
to an input of AND gate 222. Then the output signal on signal line 223 in
Supply Domain 101 will be sent to signal line 118.
The AND gates in the Supply Domains act as switching devices. The inputs of
the Power Sense Cells are used to determine the switch state of the AND
gates. A one ("1") signal from a Power Sense Cell will turn "on" an AND
gate. In the "on" condition, the AND gate will pass on the signal received
on the other input of the AND gate.
Signals on signal line 117 are sent to an input of AND gate 220 in Supply
Domain 101. When Supply Domain 101 is active, AND gate 220 accepts or
rejects the signals on signal line 117 depending upon whether Supply
Domain 100 is active or inactive. Power Sense Cell 224 sends a signal to
the remaining input of AND gate 220 that indicates whether Supply Domain
100 is active or inactive. When Supply Domain 100 is active, Supply Domain
101 accepts the signals on signal line 117. When Supply Domain 100 is
inactive, Supply Domain 101 rejects the signals on signal line 117.
When Supply Domain 101 is inactive (as shown in FIG. 2), AND gate 220 is
not functioning because its power supply is in an OFF condition. This also
causes the signals on signal line 117 to be rejected. It should also be
noted that the inactive condition of Supply Domain 101 causes Power Sense
Cell 211 to disable the output signal on signal line 210 by putting AND
gate 212 in an OFF condition. This ensures that no signal is sent over
signal line 117. Not only is the output signal on signal line 210
disabled, but noise signals on signal line 117 are also depressed,
providing additional noise immunity.
Similarly, signals on signal line 118 are sent to an input of AND gate 232
in Supply Domain 102. When Supply Domain 102 is active (as shown in FIG.
2), AND gate 232 accepts or rejects the signals on signal line 118
depending upon whether Supply Domain 101 is active or inactive. Power
Sense Cell 231 sends a signal to the remaining input of AND gate 232 that
indicates whether Supply Domain 101 is active or inactive. When Supply
Domain 101 is active, Supply Domain 102 accepts the signals on signal line
118. When Supply Domain 101 is inactive, Supply Domain 102 rejects the
signals on signal line 118.
When Supply Domain 102 is inactive, AND gate 232 is not functioning because
its power supply is in an OFF condition. This also causes the signals on
signal line 118 to be rejected. It should also be noted that the inactive
condition of Supply Domain 101 causes Power Sense Cell 221 to disable the
output signal on signal line 223 by putting AND gate 222 in an OFF
condition. This ensures that no signal is sent over signal line 118. Not
only is the output signal on signal line 223 disabled, but noise signals
on signal line 118 are also depressed, providing additional noise
immunity.
It should be noted that without the presence of the logic circuits of the
present invention, there would be various types of "Back Drive" signals
and noise signals on signal line 117 and on signal line 118.
In a proper design according to the method of the present invention, each
module should have only one power supply source. In addition, each Supply
Domain interface signal must be active and must be defined as an "Input"
signal or an "Output" signal. The Supply Domain interface signal can not
be defined as both an "Input" signal and an "Output" signal. The Supply
Domain interface signal also can not be defined as a "Tri-State" signal. A
"Tri-State" signal is an electronic signal that may have any of three
output states, either a High state, a Low state, or a High Impedance
state. A "Tri-State" signal may not be used in the present invention
because a "Tri-State" signal can not be blocked.
FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a power sense cell 300 for
use with the apparatus and method of the present invention. Power sense
cells 211, 221, 224, and 231 may each comprise a power sense cell of the
type illustrated by power sense cell 300. Power sense cell technology is
well known. Various implementations of power sense cells may be adequate
for use in the present invention. Power sense cell 300 comprises a Schmitt
trigger circuit 304. Schmitt trigger circuit 304 is a bistable circuit in
which a transition from the output state from a High level to a Low level
occurs at a lower output voltage than the input voltage required for a
transition of the output state from a Low level to a High level. This
feature is indicated by the hysteresis loop shown on the Schmitt trigger
symbol in FIG. 3.
This particular feature is required mostly in implementation arrangements
where power sense cell 300 is integrated into a Supply Domain. For
example, assume that power sense cell 300 represents power sense cell 224
in Supply Domain 101. The power supply voltage for power sense cell 300 is
V.sub.SD 303. In this example, V.sub.SD 303 is the power supply voltage
for Supply Domain 101. The input signal voltage V.sub.X on input signal
line 301 represents the supply voltage of Supply Domain 101. The output
signal voltage "V.sub.X Exist" on output signal line 302 indicates whether
Supply Domain 101 is in low power mode or is in full power mode. If the
"V.sub.X Exist" signal on output signal line 302 is at the Low level, then
Supply Domain 101 is in low power mode. If the "V.sub.X Exist" signal on
output signal line 302 is at the High level, then Supply Domain 101 is in
full power mode.
Special attention is required to design the proper transition voltages of
the Schmitt trigger circuit 304. The output signal "V.sub.X Exist" should
be switched to the High level only when full power has been restored and
Supply Domain 101 is fully functional. On the other hand, the output
signal "V.sub.X Exist" should be switched to the Low level when the
voltage supply V.sub.X of Supply Domain 101 is falling and the outputs of
Supply Domain 101 are still valid. This may be accomplished by selecting
the proper transition voltages in Schmitt trigger circuit 304.
Another problem faced by integrated circuit designers is the
synchronization of blocked clock signals. More particularly, when a clock
signal is blocked by a signal from a power sense cell signal that switches
the output of an AND gate, the clock signal will typically appear in the
form of a "glitch," when the Supply Domain voltage is turned "on" or
"off." This is due to the fact that the power sense cell output and the
clock signals are not synchronized. As a consequence, when a clock signal
is blocked (or unblocked) the first clock signal to appear is usually
shortened.
FIG. 4 illustrates an advantageous embodiment of a blocking circuit 400 of
the present invention for synchronizing blocked clock signals to prevent
clock signals from being shortened. Blocking circuit 400 comprises a first
D flip flop circuit 401, a second D flip flop circuit 402, and a logical
AND gate 403. A "D flip flop" circuit is an edge-triggered circuit element
having two stable states. The input signal to a D flip flop circuit
appears at the output of the D flip flop circuit delayed by one clock
cycle. The letter "D" refers to the delay of the signal. The expression "D
flip flop" refers to a "delayed" flip flop circuit. For convenience, a D
flip flop circuit may be referred to using the abbreviation "DFF."
The input signal of a DFF is labeled with the letter "D" and the output
signal of a DFF is labeled with the letter "Q." The output signal Q of a
DFF changes to the state of the input signal D of the DFF when a clock
signal is received at the clock input ("clk") of the DFF.
In the preferred embodiment shown in FIG. 4, a power sense cell signal is
provided on input signal line 410 to first DFF 401 in order to block a
clock signal on clock input signal line 411. If a power sense cell signal
changes from "off" to "on" during a clock cycle, the output of first DFF
401 on signal line 405 will reflect the change in the power sense cell
signal only on the next clock pulse. One additional clock pulse will be
required for the change in the power sense cell signal to pass through
second DFF 402 and reach input line 406 of AND gate 403. In this manner,
at least two (2) clock cycles will be required from the time that the
power sense cell signal changes until AND gate 403 releases the blocking
of the clock signal on output signal line 412.
Blocking circuit 400 guarantees that a Supply Domain containing a power
sense cell (e.g., Supply Domain 101 containing power sense cell 224) has
fully recovered from its inactive, low power mode and is fully powered for
operation before any signals are sent to it. Blocking circuit 400
eliminates the possibility that signals will be fed to a Supply Domain
while the Supply Domain is powering up.
Similarly, blocking circuit 400 eliminates the possibility that signals
will be fed to a Supply Domain while the Supply Domain is powering down.
If a power sense cell signal changes from "on" to "off" during a clock
cycle, the output of first DFF 401 on signal line 405 will reflect the
change in the power sense cell signal only on the next clock pulse. One
additional clock pulse will be required for the change in the power sense
cell signal to pass through second DFF 402 and reach input line 406 of AND
gate 403. In this manner, at least two (2) clock cycles will be required
from the time that the power sense cell signal changes until AND gate 403
releases the blocking of the clock signal on output signal line 412. In
this manner, blocking circuit 400 guarantees that a Supply Domain
containing a power sense cell receives no signals while it is making its
transition to its inactive, low power mode.
It is clear that the apparatus and method of the present invention is
applicable in general to any implementation that comprises a plurality of
distinct operating modules that require multiple power supply voltages.
Although the present invention has been described in detail for the case
of a "System-on-a-Chip," it is clear that the apparatus and method of the
present invention is applicable to any type of integrated circuit
implementation.
The examples and descriptions set forth above have been provided only for
the purpose of illustration, and are not intended to limit the present
invention in any way. As will be understood by a person who is skilled in
the art, the present invention can be carried out in a great variety of
ways, employing more than one technique, without exceeding the scope of
the invention. As will also be understood by a person who is skilled in
the art, various changes, substitutions and alterations to the disclosed
advantageous embodiment of the present invention may be made without
departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention in its
broadest form.
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