Calibration of a loss of signal detection system Number:6,799,131 from the United States Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) owispatent

Title: Calibration of a loss of signal detection system

Abstract: An integrated circuit has a loss of signal (LOS) system for detecting a loss of signal condition for an input data stream according to a LOS threshold. The LOS threshold specifies a minimum signal magnitude indicating the loss of signal condition. The integrated circuit includes a sampling circuit to sample a LOS signal, which receives a sampling threshold specifying a signal magnitude for a sampled signal above which the sampling circuit samples the sampled signal as a first digital value and below which the sampling circuit samples the sampled signal as a second digital value. A digital control circuit coupled to an output of the sampling circuit generates a calibrated digital representation of the sampling threshold according to a plurality of samples of the LOS signal. The calibrated sampling threshold is then used during loss of signal evaluation.

Patent Number: 6,799,131 Issued on 09/28/2004 to Steiner,   et al.

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Inventors:	Steiner; Philip David (Nashua, NH), Perrott; Michael H. (Cambridge, MA)
Assignee:	Silicon Laboratories Inc. (Austin, TX)
Appl. No.:	09/949,493
Filed:	September 7, 2001

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Current U.S. Class:	702/107 ; 327/20; 341/118; 341/120; 702/189
Current International Class:	H03K 5/22 (20060101)
Field of Search:	702/107,117,66,69,70,71,79,78,85,124,126,189,193,198,FOR 103/ 702/FOR 104/ 702/FOR 109/ 702/FOR 110/ 702/FOR 134/ 702/FOR 156/ 702/FOR 170/ 702/FOR 171/ 341/144,118,120,155,122,164 327/97,100,20,24,156 326/21,31,34 324/601,76.15,76.24,76.42,76.58

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References Cited [Referenced By]

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U.S. Patent Documents

	4973976		November 1990		Lee et al.
	6144415		November 2000		Patton et al.
	6294896		September 2001		Champlin
	6377082		April 2002		Loinaz et al.
	6492929		December 2002		Coffey et al.

Other References

Giga, "2.5 Gbit/s Clock and Data Recovery GD16522", Data Sheet Rev. 20, Giga, Sep. 25, 2000, pp. 1-11. . Maxim, "2.5Gbps, Low-Power,+3.3V Clock Recovery and Data Retiming IC", Maxim Integrated Products, 1998, pp. 1-8, (No month)..

Primary Examiner: Wachsman; Hal
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Zagorin, O'Brien & Graham, LLP

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Parent Case Text

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CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. .sctn.119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/302,914, filed Jul. 3, 2001, which application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

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Claims

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What is claimed is:

1. A method for calibrating a loss-of-signal (LOS) system used in an integrated circuit to determine existence of a loss-of-signal condition according to a loss-of-signal (LOS) threshold value, the LOS threshold value specifying a minimum signal magnitude for received data, the method comprising: sampling a signal indicative of the LOS threshold value in a sampling circuit and providing a plurality of samples thereof; and determining, according to the samples, a calibrated digital representation of a sampling threshold for the sampling circuit, the sampling threshold specifying a signal magnitude for a sampled signal above which the sampling circuit samples the sampled signal as a first digital value and below which the sampling circuit samples the sampled signal as a second digital value.

2. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein determining the calibrated digital representation includes generating a plurality of digital representations of the sampling threshold in response to respective ones of the samples.

3. The method as recited in claim 2 wherein determining the calibrated digital representation of the sampling threshold includes determining an average of the plurality of the digital representations.

4. The method as recited in claim 2 wherein determining the calibrated digital representation of the sampling threshold includes determining an arithmetic mode of the digital representations.

5. The method as recited in claim 2 wherein the calibrated digital representation is an average of a plurality of calibrated digital representations over a plurality of calibration cycles, each of the calibration cycles being run prior to a respective determination of a loss of signal condition.

6. The method as recited in claim 5 wherein the average is a moving average.

7. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein the sampling circuit is coupled to receive an analog signal as the signal indicative of the LOS threshold value.

8. The method as recited in claim 1 further comprising converting the calibrated digital representation to an analog signal and supplying the analog signal to the sampling circuit as the sampling threshold.

9. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein determining the calibrated digital representation of the sampling threshold comprises: counting an up/down counter in a direction determined according to the digital value of each of the samples; and using at least a portion of an output of the up/down counter to control the sampling threshold level during calibration.

10. The method as recited in claim 9 further comprising supplying the output of the sampling circuit to the up/down counter through a down sampling circuit.

11. The method as recited in claim 9 wherein determining the calibrated digital representation of the sampling threshold includes determining an average of a plurality of values of at least a portion of the output of the up/down counter.

12. The method as recited in claim 11 wherein determining the average further comprises: averaging a plurality of samples of a most significant portion of the output of the up/down counter to generate a first average; and supplying the first average to a first digital to analog converter (DAC) during calibration of a second digital to analog converter (DAC), the first and second DACs supplying the sampling threshold to the sampling circuit.

13. The method as recited in claim 12 further comprising averaging a plurality of samples of a least significant portion of the output of the up/down counter to generate a second average and supplying the second average to the second DAC.

14. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein the sampling circuit comprises a register circuit, the register circuit including an amplifier and wherein determining the calibrated digital representation of the sampling threshold includes adjusting the sampling threshold of the register circuit by adjusting an offset to the amplifier.

15. The method as recited in claim 14 further comprising: supplying a digital representation of the sampling threshold to at least one digital to analog converter (DAC); generating an analog representation of the sampling threshold; and supplying the analog representation as the offset to the amplifier.

16. The method as recited in claim 15 wherein a most significant portion of the digital representation of the sampling threshold is supplied to a first DAC and a least significant portion to a second DAC.

17. The method as recited in claim 16 wherein at least a portion of the digital representation supplied to the first and second DACs overlap.

18. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein the LOS threshold value is supplied as an analog signal on an input terminal of the integrated circuit.

19. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein a stored calibration value from a previous calibration cycle is used as an initial digital representation of the sampling threshold.

20. The method as recited in claim 1 further comprising selectably providing one of an input data stream and the signal indicative of the LOS threshold value to the sampling circuit according to whether calibration is ongoing.

21. The method as recited in claim 1 further generating the calibrated digital representation of the sampling threshold for a differential representation of a first digital value and utilizing a two's complement of the calibrated digital representation for a differential representation of a second digital value.

22. An integrated circuit having a loss of signal (LOS) system for detecting a loss of signal condition for an input data stream according to a LOS threshold, the LOS threshold specifying a minimum signal magnitude, the integrated circuit comprising: a sampling circuit coupled to sample a LOS signal indicative of the LOS threshold, and to receive a sampling threshold specifying the minimum signal magnitude for a sampled signal above which the sampling circuit samples the sampled signal as a first digital value and below which the sampling circuit samples the sampled signal as a second digital value; and a digital control circuit coupled to receive an output of the sampling circuit and to generate a calibrated digital representation of the sampling threshold according to a plurality of samples of the LOS signal.

23. The integrated circuit as recited in claim 22 wherein the digital control circuit varies a digital representation of the sampling threshold in response to respective samples of the LOS signal.

24. The integrated circuit as recited in claim 23 wherein the digital control circuit determines the calibrated digital representation as an arithmetic mode of the digital representations of the sampling threshold.

25. The integrated circuit as recited in claim 22 wherein the digital control circuit determines the calibrated digital representation according to an average of the digital representations of the sampling threshold.

26. The integrated circuit as recited in claim 25 wherein the digital control circuit further comprises at least one storage location storing the average, the at least one storage location coupled to supply at least a portion of the digital representation during calibration.

27. The integrated circuit as recited in claim 22 wherein the LOS signal is an analog signal.

28. The integrated circuit as recited in claim 22 further comprising a digital to analog converter coupled to convert the calibrated digital representation to an analog signal and to supply the analog signal to the sampling circuit as the sampling threshold.

29. The integrated circuit as recited in claim 22 further comprising a down sampling circuit coupling the output of the sampling circuit to the digital control circuit, to provide a reduced number of samples to the digital control circuit.

30. The integrated circuit as recited in claim 22 wherein the digital control circuit further comprises an up/down counter coupled to count in a direction determined according to a digital value of respective samples of the LOS signal and wherein the up/down counter is coupled to supply a digital representation of at least a portion of the sampling threshold during calibration.

31. The integrated circuit as recited in claim 30 wherein the digital control circuit determines the calibrated digital representation of the sampling threshold as an average of a plurality of values of at least a portion of the output of the up/down counter.

32. The integrated circuit as recited in claim 30 further comprising: a first digital to analog converter (DAC) coupled to receive an average of a plurality of samples of a most significant portion of the output of the up/down counter; a second digital to analog converter (DAC) coupled to receive an average of a plurality of samples of a least significant portion of the output of the up/down counter; and wherein the first and second DAC supply the sampling threshold to the sampling circuit.

33. The integrated circuit as recited in claim 22 wherein the sampling circuit further comprises a register circuit, the register circuit including an amplifier and wherein the sampling threshold is coupled to the register circuit as an offset to the amplifier.

34. The integrated circuit as recited in claim 22 further comprising an input terminal coupled to receive the LOS threshold as an analog signal.

35. The integrated circuit as recited in claim 22 further comprising a storage location coupled to store a previous calibrated digital representation from a previous calibration cycle for use as an initial digital representation of the sampling threshold.

36. The integrated circuit as recited in claim 22 further comprising a selector circuit coupled to selectably provide one of the input data stream and the LOS signal to the sampling circuit according to whether calibration is ongoing.

37. The integrated circuit as recited in claim 22 wherein the digital control circuit further comprises at least one register coupled to supply a calibrated digital representation of the sampling threshold when the integrated circuit is not being calibrated.

38. An apparatus for calibrating a loss-of-signal (LOS) system in an integrated circuit used for determining existence of a loss-of-signal condition, the apparatus comprising: means for sampling a signal indicative of a LOS threshold and providing a digital indication thereof; means for obtaining a plurality of samples from the sampling means and generating, based on the samples, a calibrated digital representation of a sampling threshold for the sampling means, the sampling threshold determining a signal level at which a signal sampled by the sampling means is sampled as a one or zero; and means for supplying an analog representation of the calibrated digital representation to the sampling means.

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Description

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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to integrated circuits used in communication systems and more particularly to detection of loss of signal conditions associated therewith.

2. Description of the Related Art

Interruptions occur in data transmission for a variety of reasons such as equipment failure, a cut cable or excessive attenuation of the signal. When such an interruption occurs, it is typical for the intended receiver in the data transmission system to detect the failure condition and inform the communication system of the existence of the failure. Many communication systems specify various aspects of detecting such loss of signal (LOS) conditions. For example, the Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) specification requires that LOS be raised when the synchronous signal (STS-N) level drops below the threshold at which a bit error rate (BER) of 1.times.10.sup.-3 is predicted.

A clock and data recovery circuit operating in such a communication system typically receives the input data stream as a differential signal. One approach to detecting loss of signal conditions has been to rectify the received signal and compare the received signal to a reference level. Peak detection has also been used. However, such loss of signal techniques has been typically implemented in bipolar technologies. Their implementation in CMOS technologies is difficult. Since it may be desirable to implement various designs in CMOS from cost and ease of manufacturing perspective as well as for power and performance reasons, it would be desirable to have a loss of signal approach that could be implemented ion CMOS.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, in one embodiment of the invention, a method is provided for calibrating a loss-of-signal (LOS) system used in an integrated circuit to determine existence of a loss-of-signal condition according to a loss-of-signal (LOS) threshold value, the LOS threshold value specifying a minimum signal magnitude for received data. A sampling circuit samples a signal indicative of the LOS threshold value and provides a plurality of samples thereof. A calibrated digital representation of a sampling threshold for the sampling circuit is determined according to the samples, the sampling threshold specifying a signal magnitude for a sampled signal above which the sampling circuit samples the sampled signal as a first digital value and below which the sampling circuit samples the sampled signal as a second digital value.

In another embodiment, the invention provides an integrated circuit having a loss of signal (LOS) system for detecting a loss of signal condition for an input data stream according to a LOS threshold, the LOS threshold specifying a minimum signal magnitude used in evaluating the loss of signal condition. The integrated circuit includes a sampling circuit coupled to sample a LOS signal indicative of the LOS threshold. The sampling circuit also receives a sampling threshold specifying the minimum signal magnitude for a sampled signal above which the sampling circuit samples the sampled signal as a first digital value and below which the sampling circuit samples the sampled signal as a second digital value. A digital control circuit is coupled to an output of the sampling circuit and generates a calibrated digital representation of the sampling threshold according to a plurality of samples of the LOS signal.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention may be better understood, and its numerous objects, features, and advantages made apparent to those skilled in the art by referencing the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of an embodiment of a LOS system according to the present invention.

FIG. 2 shows a high level description of the LOS algorithm utilized in an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 3 shows a functional block diagram of the high-speed register shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 4 shows additional details of the programmable offset amplifier shown in FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 shows a functional representation of the calibration utilized in an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 6A shows a functional diagram of the decimator shown in FIG. 1

FIG. 6B shows additional details of the 1-to-transition converter shown in FIG. 6A.

FIG. 6C shows additional details of the transition-to-1 converter shown in FIG. 6A.

FIG. 7 shows details of the hysteresis system used in an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 8 shows details of the signal conditioning block shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 9 illustrates the use of digital hysteresis mode according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 10 shows the power down loop for the LOS system.

FIG. 11 shows exemplary programming on the LOS_LVL input pin to control the LOS threshold.

FIG. 12 shows a block diagram of the clock and data recovery circuit in which the LOS system described herein can be advantageously utilized.

The use of the same reference symbols in different drawings indicates similar or identical items.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT(S)

FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of one embodiment of the LOS system 100 according to the present invention. The loss-of-signal (LOS) system utilizes a sampled-data approach, which samples the input data at regular intervals and compares the magnitude of the sampled input data to a threshold signal strength level. If the number of samples that have a signal strength above the signal strength threshold exceeds a count threshold, then a LOS indication is not asserted. However, if the number of samples with signal strength greater than the threshold is less than the count threshold, then the LOS indication is asserted, thereby indicating that the LOS condition exists.

The input data 101 comes into the system differentially. The voltage on the LOS_LVL input terminal 103 determines the user-defined LOS threshold level. In another embodiment, the threshold may be fixed or may be provided via, e.g., a serial communication port.

The signal conditioning block 105 converts this single-ended input into a differential signal and applies a gain so that the value of the differential signals (thold-tholdb) represents the desired LOS signal strength threshold. Both the differential data and the differential LOS threshold level are fed into a multiplexer 107. The value of the calibrate signal supplied on node 109 from the digital control block 111 determines the output of the multiplexer 107. When the calibrate signal is asserted, the differential threshold signals thold and tholdb are passed to the output of multiplexer 107. When the calibrate signal is deasserted, data and datab are passed to the output of multiplexer 107. The output of the multiplexer is used as the input to the sampling circuit, implemented in the illustrated embodiment as high-speed register 115, which functions as a differential-input, single-ended output register.

The output of the high-speed register 115, conveyed on node 116, is a single-ended digital signal. Multiple clock-phase generator 117 generates the 620 MHz clock used as the sampling clock for the high-speed register 115. The multiple clock-phase generator 117 outputs a 620 MHz clock whose phase is controlled by the phase selector signal 119 supplied from the digital control block 111. The high speed register 116 feeds the single-ended digital signal on node 116 to two distinct blocks, a decimator 121 and a subsampler 123.

The decimator block 121 has two functions. First, it divides down the 620 MHz clock to produce a 155 MHz clock. Secondly, it counts the digital high values coming out of the high-speed register 115 and decimates this count by a factor of four. Functionally, the resulting output is a signal clocked at 155 MHz, which pulses high after every four digital high outputs of the high-speed register. That functional description differs somewhat from one embodiment of an implementation, which is described further herein.

The subsampler block 123 functions as a register, which resamples the output of the high-speed register 115 using the 155 MHz clock generated by the decimator 121. The outputs of the decimator 121 (both the clock and decimated count) and the subsampler are passed to a digital control block 111. The digital control block controls the calibrate signal 109, the phase selector signal 119, and LOS threshold signal 127, which are used to configure the rest of the blocks while implementing the LOS approach described herein. In addition, the digital control block 111 controls the calibration of the system.

During calibration, the digital control block 111 stores a digital representation corresponding to the value of the LOS threshold level. The digital control block 111 uses the stored digital value corresponding to the LOS threshold level to set the level at which the high-speed register 115 latches a one or a zero, using the LOS threshold signal conveyed on node 127. The digital control block 111 also monitors the decimated count from the decimator in order to determine when to assert the LOS indication 125 (LOS_OUT). Since the digital control block operates at a rate significantly slower than the input data rate and slower than high-speed register 115 (e.g., in one embodiment no input or output of the digital control block operates at a rate faster than 155 MHz), the power used by the digital control block is reduced and the use of digital synthesis and place-and-route tools to generate the digital control block is facilitated, which simplifies the design. Note that the clock rates described herein are exemplary and that different clock rates may be suitable for different systems.

In a preferred embodiment, the digital control block 111 is implemented as one or more finite-state machines (FSM), which set the various control signals and implements the LOS algorithm. A high level description of the LOS algorithm is shown in FIG. 2. The algorithm begins with a calibration routine in 201. During calibration an offset value corresponding to the user-defined threshold is stored in digital form in the digital control block 111. The calibration serves to negate the effects of systematic variations due to processing as well as drift caused by such factors as temperature variations. The details of the calibration are discussed further herein.

Once the calibration has finished, the threshold of the high-speed register 115 is set to the value of the LOS threshold. That is, the high-speed register 115 will latch a one if the differential input signal to the high-speed register is greater than the LOS threshold. Due to the differential nature of the input signal and the method of storing the LOS threshold level, the high-speed register 115 does not compare the LOS threshold to the digital high (1s) input signal strength and the digital low (0s) input signal strength simultaneously. Therefore, the algorithm examines 1s and 0s consecutively.

Once the calibration is complete, the digital control block 111 begins to count pulses from the output of decimator 121 in 203. After a predetermined number of samples the pulse count is compared to a count threshold in 205 and the digital control block 111 records whether or not a sufficient number of samples had a signal strength greater than the LOS threshold.

When the PLL on the chip is locked to the input, the 620 MHz sampling clock used by the LOS system has a fixed, but unknown, phase relationship with the incoming data. In order to ensure that the LOS flag is not erroneously set due to a poor phase relationship between the incoming data and the sampling clock, the LOS algorithm checks for signal strength using four separate 620 MHz clocks, each with a different phase.

Because the number of 1s and 0s may not be even and because of the possibility of long stretches of transitionless bits, it may be important to check for the signal strength for both 1s and 0's. In one embodiment, the calibration step for 0s is performed in 207 after switching the input threshold levels (thold and tholdb) provided by multiplexer 103. Once the calibration is complete in 207, the system samples a predetermined number of data bits and provides an indication of how many of the data bits have a signal strength magnitude greater than the LOS threshold (calibrated for 0s). Note that an inversion is provided in the high speed register path when sampling 0s.

In 211, the algorithm checks if a sufficient number of the samples obtained in 209 had a signal strength greater than the threshold signal strength and records the result. The algorithm repeats sampling and checking for signal strength according to the signal strength count for all four clock phases. Finally, in 213 the algorithm asserts the LOS_OUT flag indicating a loss-of-signal condition only if insufficient signal strength was observed for all four clock phases during both measurements for 1s and for 0s. Otherwise, the LOS_OUT flag is deasserted to indicate no loss-of-signal condition exists.

In another embodiment, rather than calibrating for 0s, the digital control block digitally inverts the 1s threshold value, and provides, e.g., a two's complement value of the 1's LOS threshold value as the 0's LOS threshold value. Note that the drift caused by temperature is relatively slow so that the lack of 0 calibration when using the inverted 1's threshold value, introduces only a small amount of error.

In addition, in another embodiment, the last calibrated value may be stored for 1s, or 0s, or both so the calibration time may be reduced.

In another embodiment, an average of a plurality of calibration cycles can be used. The stored average is used as the initial value for the calibration cycle. Use of the stored average allows fewer samples to be averaged during calibration. For example, rather than averaging, e.g., 32 samples, in this embodiment after ten samples are received by the digital control block, the last sample is used for that calibration cycle. That value is then averaged with the stored average and used as the calibrated value. In order to neglect calibration values from a long time ago and to keep the adders and registers used to implement the averaging operation of reasonable size, the average is preferably implemented as a moving average using any of a variety of filtering techniques known to those of ordinary skill in the art.

Turning now to additional details of one embodiment of the invention, a functional diagram of the high-speed register 115 is shown in FIG. 3. The high speed register block includes an amplifier 301 with a programmable offset 303, and a differential-input/single-ended-output register 305. FIG. 4 shows additional details of the programmable offset amplifier 301. The amplifier includes of a Gm-R stage with two degenerating resistors 402. A constant bias current 404 is connected to the virtual ground node between the two degenerating resistors 402 and the source nodes of the input NMOS transistors 405 and 407 are connected to the output of a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) 409. The DAC 409 converts the digital input word, LOS threshold 127, into a differential current, (I.sub.RIGHT -I.sub.LEFT). That differential current changes the offset of the amplifier.

FIG. 5 illustrates a functional representation of the calibration. During calibration, the calibration signal 109 (FIG. 1), which functions as a multiplexer select signal, is set so that the multiplexer 107 passes thold and tholdb, the LOS threshold level, to its output. The differential threshold is input to the amplifier 301. The output of amplifier 301 is passed as the input to register 305, which samples its input at 620 MHz. The output of register 305 is passed to a second register 501, which functions as the subsampler 123 and subsamples (undersamples) the signal at 155 MHz. The output of subsampling register 501 is used as the control bit of an up/down counter 503 in the digital control block 111. The state of this counter stores the digital representation of the LOS threshold, which is passed on node 127 to the amplifier and applied as the offset to the amplifier.

Assume that the amplifier 301 has a systematic offset associated with it, V,.sub.os-amp, and a gain, G. Since the output of the amplifier can still be small, the systematic offset of the first register, V.sub.os-reg, is also important. Therefore, the first register will latch high when ##EQU1##

During calibration the output of the first register (and hence the subsampler) will be a digital high as long as equation (2) is true. The counter state will increase until equation (2) is not true, at which point the output of the subsampler will be a digital low and the counter will count down, which in turn causes equation (2) to be true again and the subsampler outputs a digital high. In this way the state of the up/down counter "bangs" between the two states closest to the actual value of the right-hand side of equation (2). When calibration ends, one of these two states is selected and the counter is disabled. The calibrate signal 109 is deasserted so that the input data is passed through the multiplexer 107. According to equation (2), the first register will latch a digital high when

The subsampler is used because once the counter state changes, the DAC in the amplifier requires some time to settle before the output of the amp is valid for the new offset setting. By reducing the sampling rate the subsampler only latches valid data after the amplifier has settled.

The above discussion neglects the presence of noise in the amplifier and first register as well as hysteresis in the latter. Both of these effects will cause the bang-bang system to bang between many states of the up/down counter. One way to compensate for this is to run the calibration algorithm for a fixed amount of time and then to select the most frequently occupied (the mode) state of the counter as the calibrated value. That approach can be difficult to implement efficiently with digital circuitry. An alternative is to take the average value of the states of the counter as the calibrated value. That is easily accomplished using digital circuitry, e.g., by adding and then shifting to accomplish the averaging, and proves to be almost as effective as taking the mode. Note that shifting may leave unused bits in the least significant positions. Rounding may be used to obtain greater accuracy in the average. That is, the average may be rounded up if a one exists in most significant unused bit position.

In one embodiment, referring again to FIG. 4, because of the limited monotonicity that could be provided by a single digital to analog converter, DAC 409 actually is comprised of two DACs, a coarse DAC and a fine DAC. If a single DAC is used, in which the DAC is implemented using transistors in which the ratio of the sizes is binary, a transition from one digital code, e.g., 011111 to 100000 may result in a lower current rather than a higher current because of, e.g., process variations in the transistors. Thus, there is a risk that the DAC output would not be monotonic. In one solution to this problem using two DACs, each DAC is utilized during the calibration routine as follows. The fine grained DAC is set to its midpoint and the coarse grained DAC, which receives four bits, is operated for a period of time (e.g., 16 samples) without averaging but counting the up/down counter according to the output of the subsampler 123, which allows the DAC to come close to its proper state. Then an additional number of samples (e.g., 16) are taken and a setting for the coarse grained DAC is selected based on an average of those samples.

After the calibration for the coarse DAC is complete, the fine DAC is calibrated. The fine DAC, which receives five bits, is operated for a period of time (e.g., 32 samples) without averaging but allowing the up/down counter to move according to the output of the subsampler 123, which allows the fine DAC to come close to its proper state. Then 64 samples are taken and the fine DAC is tuned to the average. In one embodiment, several of the most significant bits (MSBs) of the fine DAC and several of the least significant bits (LSBs) of the coarse DAC overlap. Note the two DACs may be implemented conventionally as digital to analog current converters in a manner known in the art.

While one embodiment utilizes an up/down counter 503, many other digital approaches, known to those of ordinary skill in the art, may be used to determine the appropriate offset value. For example, a binary search algorithm may be employed. In one such embodiment, assume the initial digital representation of the offset value is set to a center value. For ease of illustration assume the center value is 10. If one or more samples of the LOS threshold are latched as 0s, indicating the threshold is too high, a value of 5 is selected. Again one or more samples are taken. If the sample(s) indicate that a 1 was latched by the sampling circuit, indicating the threshold is too low, a value of 7.5 is selected. The binary search continues until a sufficient number of samples have been taken and the digital representation of the offset is "banging" between several states. Again averaging of the digital representations can be used.

Once the calibrated digital representation corresponding to the LOS threshold is stored in the digital control block 111, the system can begin measuring the signal. Each time the high-speed register 115 samples the input it will output a digital high if the signal strength is greater than the LOS threshold. The hysteresis associated with high speed register can result in difficulty in accurately determining if a signal is above the signal strength threshold immediately after a transition. In the absence of noise and register hysteresis, a single digital high from the high-speed register 115 would be sufficient to indicate the presence of a signal greater than the threshold. Noise and hysteresis in the system require a more sophisticated approach for measuring signal strength. There are three cases to consider: (1) The noise is much greater than the hysteresis; (2) the noise and hysteresis are approximately the same magnitude; and (3) the magnitude of the hysteresis is much greater than the magnitude of the noise. In a broadband system such as the high-speed front end of the LOS system, the third case should not occur. The first two cases are similar in that the effects of hysteresis can be neglected in both. Some care must be taken when performing an analysis of the effects of noise and hysteresis in the system. In the first case, the hysteresis is negligible compared to the noise and therefore can be ignored. When the noise and hysteresis magnitudes are comparable, since the hysteresis is a deterministic value, the effects can be compensated in the system by altering the value of the count threshold.

In general, the effects of noise can be compensated by an averaging operation. The difficulty in this system stems from the digital nature of the output. A standard averaging operation cannot be applied to average out the noise. Instead, a pseudo averaging operation is performed by counting the number of times the high-speed register 115 latches a digital high. That counting technique proves to provide a substantial reduction in the effects of noise and a correspondingly good improvement in the accuracy of the measurement.

The output of the high-speed register 115 is a 620 Mb/s data stream. Counting is an inherently digital operation, which can require a substantial number of registers and combinational logic. It would be preferable to perform the counting at a lower data rate for a number of reasons. First, it would require less power and second, it would facilitate the use of synthesis and place-and-route CAD tools. The function of the decimator is to allow the main counting function to run at a relatively low speed, e.g., 155 MHz.

FIG. 6A shows a functional diagram of the decimator 121. The output of the high-speed register 115 is passed through a 1 -to-transition converter 601 (shown in additional detail in FIG. 6B), which produces a transition every time the high-speed register 115 latches a digital high. These transitions are then passed through an asynchronous divide by four using D flip-flops 602 and 604. The data in the decimator is resampled at the output of each divider in flip-flops 603 and 605 using the divided down clocks, which minimizes any skew between the data and the clock.

The resulting output from the divide by four is passed through a transition-to-1 converter 606 (shown in additional detail in FIG. 6C), the output of which is counted using a standard digital counter 620, which is part of control block 111. The advantage of this method is that the counting can be performed at the lower rate. Note that in one embodiment, the two LSBs of the count are lost so that the accuracy of the count is limited in one particular embodiment. The counted value is then compared to the count threshold value to determine whether a loss of signal condition exists. If so, that result is stored as the other phases are examined. Remember, that in one embodiment, all four phases for both ones and zeros are examined before a final LOS determination is made.

In one embodiment, each sample period is 512 high speed register samples. That results in 128 samples that can be counted by the counter in the digital control block. Assuming that half of the samples are 1s and half are 0s, an idealization of typical conditions, sampling for 1s (or 0s) would result in at most 64 bits above threshold signal strength. However, there are bandwidth problems associated with the high speed register. More particularly, it can be difficult to detect a bit right after a transition, and thus assuming half of the bits are transitions, at most 32 bits would be seen as having signal strength above the threshold level. In one embodiment, if the counted bits having signal strength above the signal strength threshold is above 15, the loss of signal indication is negated indicating that no loss of signal condition exits. Alternatively, if the count is less than 15, a loss of signal condition is assumed to exist.

The count threshold can be adjusted according to account for noise and bandwidth limitations. The bandwidth limitations result in gain degradation at high frequency. Thus, if the LOS threshold is set relatively high, for example 30 mV peak to peak, the bandwidth limitation effects present in the high-speed register may result in being able to see only 24 mV. Assuming noise is on the order of 0.5 mV, the gain degradation of 6 mV is the dominant effect and not the noise, the noise does not have to be averaged out. Further, the signal degradation due to bandwidth limitations can result in a lower number of ones. Thus, based on the LOS level, the count threshold can be adjusted to, e.g., 2 rather than 15. On the other hand, at low LOS levels, the noise is at least as dominant as the bandwidth limitation effects and needs to be averaged out. Thus, the count threshold is increased to, e.g., 15. For LOS levels that are in the middle, the count threshold would be adjusted accordingly. In one particular embodiment, the LOS threshold is divided into four ranges: 0-6 mV, 6-9 mV, 9-13 mV and 13-30 mV with corresponding count thresholds of 18, 14, 8, and 3, respectively.

Referring again to FIG. 6A, the decimator block 121 also provides an asynchronous divide by four of the 620 MHz clock using registers 605 and 607. The resulting 155 MHz clock is used in the subsampler as well as the digital control block 111.

In some embodiments, the integrated clock and data recovery circuit may include a serial communication port to allow for programming of various threshold, count values and modes of operation. In addition, the serial communication port may supply various status information. In one embodiment, the LOS threshold may be provided digitally over the communication serial port. In addition, the number of samples to take and/or the count threshold values could be programmed for the digital control block through the serial port.

When the input signal strength is close to the LOS threshold the LOS flag (LOS_OUT) can be toggling quite rapidly as loss-of-signal events depend heavily on the specific pattern of system noise. In order to avoid this "noisy" behavior of the LOS flag, hysteresis is preferably implemented in the system. Note that this "hysteresis" is intentional delay implemented in the system, whereas the register hysteresis described earlier is due to circuit effects, which results in a need for more drive to cause a transition in the register. FIG. 7 shows details of the hysteresis system. In one embodiment, the signal conditioning block 105 outputs two differential threshold signals to the multiplexer 107. The thold-assert and tholdb-assert signals are the threshold signals used when the LOS flag is unasserted while thold_de-assert and tholdb_de-assert are the threshold signals used when the LOS flag is asserted. Typically the de-assert threshold is higher than the assert threshold in order to prevent the rapid toggling of the LOS flag. The digital control block 111 controls which LOS threshold is used during calibration with the assert signal 701.

As will be explained further herein, the signal conditioning block 105 produces the thold_de-assert and tholdb_de-assert signals as scaled-up versions of the thold-assert and tholdb-assert signals. In the illustrated embodiment, the gain is 3 dB. At the lowest LOS thresholds, however, 3 dB of hysteresis can be less than the accuracy of the system. In those circumstances the 3 dB of hysteresis would not prevent the "noisy" behavior of the LOS flag. In order to prevent this from occurring, two hysteresis modes are implemented in the LOS system. The voltage on the LOS_LVL pin is passed through an analog to digital converter (ADC) 703, which provides its output to digital control block 111. When the LOS_LVL voltage (and hence the LOS threshold) is smaller than a specified value, as indicated by the signal provided by ADC 703, digital block 111 provides a fixed amount of hysteresis as described further herein. In one embodiment the fixed amount is 5 mV differential peak-to-peak. If the digital control block supplies the hysteresis, the hysteresis mode signal 705 is asserted and the signal conditioning block 105 passes thold-assert and tholdb-assert to both its differential outputs as described with relation to FIG. 8. When the LOS_LVL voltage is above the specified value, the digital hysteresis is disabled and the thold-de-assert and tholdb-de-assert signals are set in the signal conditioning block.

Details of the signal conditioning block 105 are shown in FIG. 8. Signal conditioning block 105 includes a reference generator 801, an attenuator formed by resistors R.sub.5, R.sub.4, and R.sub.3, and a multiplexer 805. The signal conditioning block also acts as a single-ended to differential converter. The signal conditioning block functions as follows. A voltage reference on node 801 is scaled to match the common-mode of the input signal. This scaled version of the reference, VREF, (approximately 1.5V) is used as one half of the differential signal. The second part of the differential LOS threshold signal comes from the LOS_LVL pin. The voltage on this input is attenuated and referenced to VREF. The advantage of the attenuation is that the LOS threshold will typically have a range of only a few mV. The attenuator allows the user to supply a voltage on the LOS_LVL pin, which is much less accurate than the LOS threshold values.

As previously discussed, the thold-de-assert signal is a scaled-up version of the thold-assert signal when analog hysteresis mode is enabled. When the system is using digital hysteresis, the thold-assert signal is fed through the multiplexer 805 to the thold-de-assert output conveyed on node 807.

FIG. 9 illustrates the use of the digital hysteresis mode. When the LOS assert threshold is set below 10 mV, the hysteresis is static at 5 mV above the programmed value. Thus, as shown in FIG. 10, for program values of 6 mv to 10 mV, the LOS deassert level ranges from 11 mV to 15 mV to provide the 5 mV of hysteresis. For assert values above 10 mV, the hysteresis is 3 dB above the assert level. The digital hysteresis is generated by adding a digital value corresponding to 5 mV to the digital threshold representation and supplying the biased-up digital threshold representation to DAC 409 on node 127. In one embodiment, the digital hysteresis is added, if required, at the end of the calibration routine.

Rather than using analog and/or digital hysteresis circuits to provide hysteresis in desasserting the LOS indication, the count threshold can be adjusted to account for hysteresis. For example, for a specified LOS threshold level, e.g., 15 mV, a higher count threshold is used for deassertion than for assertion to provide appropriate hysteresis. Using a variable count threshold to implement hysteresis, provides the advantage of eliminating the need for the analog and digital hysteresis circuits, saving power and design effort. In combining adjustment of the count threshold for hysteresis purposes and adjustment of the count threshold based on LOS threshold level to account for noise and bandwidth limitations, the LOS threshold level may be divided into a plurality of ranges, as described previously, e.g., 0-6 mV, 6-9 mV, 9-13 mV and 13-30 mV. However, for each range there are two corresponding count thresholds. For example, for the 0-6 mV range, an assert count threshold may be 18 and a deassert count threshold may be 28. For each count range, the deassert count threshold may be biased up by an amount, e.g., 10 to provide an appropriate amount of hysteresis.

FIG. 10 shows the power down loop for the LOS system. The LOS_LVL voltage is passed through the analog to digital converter (ADC) 128. The digital representation of the LOS_LVL voltage is passed into the digital control block 111, which compares it to a predetermined value. That value may be programmable or fixed. When the voltage is less than the predetermined value, the digital control block 111 asserts the power down signal 132 to the LOS sample circuits 102 (see FIG. 1). The state machine in the digital control block 111 goes to a special power down state in which it simply waits for a valid signal to re-appear on the LOS_LVL pin. Powering down of the LOS sample circuits allows for more effective testing and for power savings for users not interested in utilizing the LOS feature.

In addition to providing the digital representation of the LOS_LVL voltage, the ADC 128 may also supply an indication of the LOS level utilized in determining the count threshold. The signal may be the same as the LOS_LVL or scaled differently.

FIG. 11 shows the programming on the LOS_LVL input pin to control the LOS threshold. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 11, voltage ranges of 1.5 to 2.25 volts causes an increase in the LOS threshold of 40 mV/V. Between 1V and 1.5V, LOS is undefined. For values below 1V the LOS circuitry is disabled as described in accordance with FIG. 10.

FIG. 12 shows a block diagram of the clock and data recovery circuit 1200 in which the LOS system 100 described herein can be advantageously utilized.

Thus, various embodiments have been described for calibrating a loss-of-signal detection system. The description of the invention set forth herein is illustrative, and is not intended to limit the scope of the invention as set forth in the following claims. Other variations and modifications of the embodiments disclosed herein, may be made based on the description set forth herein, without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention as set forth in the following claims.

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