Senior Fitness - Exercise and Nutrition for Aging Men and Women
FREE Article Feed for your website.
Home Ownership Magazine
Party Planning Information
Article Marketing Resources
Bio-Medical Research Article Database
Informative Articles on Life, Love and Happiness
Tutorials on Business to Writing
Famous Quotes from Famous People
Song Lyric Information
New US Patent Information
Comprehensive List of Content by Category
Online Auctions and Shopping Related Articles
Article Search
Most Recent Articles
Title: Multibeam antenna
Patent Number: 7,522,116 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Balling,   et al.

Title: Satellite ground station antenna with wide field of view and nulling pattern using surface waveguide antennas
Patent Number: 7,522,115 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Waltman

Title: High gain steerable phased-array antenna
Patent Number: 7,522,114 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Brown,   et al.

Title: Planar antenna
Patent Number: 7,522,113 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Andrenko,   et al.

Title: Roof antenna with protected access to a fastener through the cover
Patent Number: 7,522,112 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Blickle

Title: Telescoping antenna with retractable wire antenna element
Patent Number: 7,522,111 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Opitz

Title: Monopole antenna and wireless network device having the same
Patent Number: 7,522,110 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Wu

Title: Information equipment with a plurality of radio communication antennas
Patent Number: 7,522,109 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Shimasaki,   et al.

Title: Antenna ground structure
Patent Number: 7,522,108 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Heng,   et al.

Title: Wireless communication device with a patch antenna supporting cross-polarized active elements
Patent Number: 7,522,107 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Rausch

Title: Antenna having extended operation frequency bandwidth
Patent Number: 7,522,106 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Lim,   et al.

Title: Antenna using a photonic bandgap structure
Patent Number: 7,522,105 Issued on 04/21/2009 to LaComb

Title: Antenna and wireless apparatus
Patent Number: 7,522,104 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Sugiyama

Title: Electromagnetic impulse transmission system and method of using same
Patent Number: 7,522,103 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Wood

Title: Antenna beam steering
Patent Number: 7,522,102 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Shi

Title: Positioning system for portable electronic devices
Patent Number: 7,522,101 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Homiller,   et al.

Title: Method and device for acquiring weak global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signals
Patent Number: 7,522,100 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Yang,   et al.

Title: Position determination using carrier phase measurements of satellite signals
Patent Number: 7,522,099 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Zhodzishsky,   et al.

Title: Method and apparatus for validating a position in a satellite positioning system using range-rate measurements
Patent Number: 7,522,098 Issued on 04/21/2009 to van Diggelen

Title: Radar platform angular motion compensation
Patent Number: 7,522,097 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Wakeman

Title: Method for phase calibrating antennas in a radar system
Patent Number: 7,522,096 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Backes,   et al.

Title: Polygonal cylinder array antenna
Patent Number: 7,522,095 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Wasiewicz,   et al.

Title: Method and system for radar tracking of moving target from moving station
Patent Number: 7,522,094 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Tu,   et al.

Title: Radar for detecting a target by transmitting and receiving an electromagnetic-wave beam
Patent Number: 7,522,093 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Nakanishi

Title: Radar apparatus and radar system for a vehicle
Patent Number: 7,522,092 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Okai,   et al.

Title: Road curvature estimation system
Patent Number: 7,522,091 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Cong,   et al.

Title: Systems and methods for a terrain contour matching navigation system
Patent Number: 7,522,090 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Hawkinson

Title: Airborne look-down doppler radar tracking of hovering helicopters using rotor features
Patent Number: 7,522,089 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Radza,   et al.

Title: System and method for monitoring airspace
Patent Number: 7,522,088 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Barry,   et al.

Title: Remote control device
Patent Number: 7,522,087 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Shibamiya,   et al.

Title: Reference circuits for sampled-data circuits
Patent Number: 7,522,086 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Lee

Title: Pipelined analog to digital converter without input sample/hold
Patent Number: 7,522,085 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Srinvasa,   et al.

Title: Cycle time to digital converter
Patent Number: 7,522,084 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Huang,   et al.

Title: Semiconductor device having D/A conversion portion
Patent Number: 7,522,083 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Sahara,   et al.

Title: Digital-to-analog converter, analog-to-digital converter, and semiconductor device
Patent Number: 7,522,082 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Asayama,   et al.

Title: Digital-to-analog converter based on a pre-decoder, a binary decoder and ROM decoders
Patent Number: 7,522,081 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Chiang,   et al.

Title: A/D converter, signal processor, and receiving device
Patent Number: 7,522,080 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Yamaji

Title: Sigma-delta modulator with DAC resolution less than ADC resolution and increased tolerance of non-ideal integrators
Patent Number: 7,522,079 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Wu

Title: Method of generation and method of detection of interband phase difference solition and interband phase difference circuit
Patent Number: 7,522,078 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Tanaka,   et al.

Title: Method and apparatus for testing data converters
Patent Number: 7,522,077 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Itkin

Title: Parallel context adaptive binary arithmetic coding
Patent Number: 7,522,076 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Hsu,   et al.

Title: Encoding and decoding alphanumeric data
Patent Number: 7,522,075 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Mak

Title: Enhanced control for compression and decompression of sampled signals
Patent Number: 7,522,074 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Wegener

Title: Self-adapted bus inversion
Patent Number: 7,522,073 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Kao

Title: Systems and methods for multi-level embedded coding and decoding
Patent Number: 7,522,072 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Wu

Title: Metric sampling method
Patent Number: 7,522,071 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Caselli,   et al.

Title: Method and apparatus for high performance key detection with key debounce
Patent Number: 7,522,070 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Lou

Title: Vehicle trip logger
Patent Number: 7,522,069 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Tunnell,   et al.

Title: Method and apparatus for indicating direction using a screen, and vehicle equipped therewith
Patent Number: 7,522,068 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Kooi,   et al.

Title: Variable display
Patent Number: 7,522,067 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Jensen,   et al.

Title: Systems and methods that evaluate distance to potential hazards utilizing overlapping sensing zones
Patent Number: 7,522,066 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Galera,   et al.

Title: Method and apparatus for proximity sensing in a portable electronic device
Patent Number: 7,522,065 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Falcon

Title: Apparatus and methods for testing the life of a leakage current protection device
Patent Number: 7,522,064 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Zhang,   et al.

Title: Combination thermostat and warning device with remote sensor monitoring
Patent Number: 7,522,063 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Ehlers

Title: Anti-snore bedding having adjustable portions
Patent Number: 7,522,062 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Mossbeck

Title: External voiding sensor system
Patent Number: 7,522,061 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Rondoni,   et al.

Title: Graduated sanction/progressive response system and method for automated monitoring, scheduling and notification
Patent Number: 7,522,060 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Tumperi,   et al.

Title: Handheld RFID reader
Patent Number: 7,522,059 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Kleemeier

Title: System and method for social networking in a virtual space
Patent Number: 7,522,058 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Light,   et al.

Title: System and method for non intrusive monitoring of "at-risk" individuals
Patent Number: 7,522,057 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Stern,   et al.

Title: Badge verification device
Patent Number: 7,522,056 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Roque

Title: Method and apparatus for testing RFID devices
Patent Number: 7,522,055 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Carrender,   et al.

Title: Contactless identification tag
Patent Number: 7,522,054 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Takei

Title: Method and apparatus for preventing luggage mishandling in public transportation systems
Patent Number: 7,522,053 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Johnson,   et al.

Title: Installation and method for monitoring the transfer of goods that comprise identification carriers
Patent Number: 7,522,052 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Stobbe

Title: Recording control apparatus, recording control method, control program, recording medium on which control program is recorded, recording control system, and information processing system
Patent Number: 7,522,051 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Sanari,   et al.

Title: System and method of RFID device management
Patent Number: 7,522,050 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Le

Title: Wireless local area network (WLAN) method and system for presence detection and location finding
Patent Number: 7,522,049 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Aljadeff,   et al.

Title: Banding clip alarm
Patent Number: 7,522,048 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Belden, Jr.

Title: Adjustable display assembly for a retail product
Patent Number: 7,522,047 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Belden, Jr.,   et al.

Title: Document management
Patent Number: 7,522,046 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Decker,   et al.

Title: Locating energy sources using leaky conductors
Patent Number: 7,522,045 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Cutler,   et al.

Title: Monitoring process and system
Patent Number: 7,522,044 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Dickson,   et al.

Title: Mobile wireless mesh technology for shipping container security
Patent Number: 7,522,043 Issued on 04/21/2009 to English,   et al.

Title: Door accessory power system
Patent Number: 7,522,042 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Milo

Circuit configuration and method for measuring and limiting currents Number:6,975,495 from the United States Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) owispatent

Home    Author Login    Submit Article    Article Search    Add Your Link    Edit Your Link    Contact Us    Advertising    Disclaimer

   

 
Web LinkGrinder.com

Top Breaking News
     Somalia Insurgents Reject AU Peacekeeping Proposals by Alisha Ryu
     Cleric's Followers Burn US Flags Over Visit by US Vice President to Iraq by VOA News
     Rights Advocacy Group Expresses Concern over Human Rights in Guinea by Ricci Shryock

Title: Circuit configuration and method for measuring and limiting currents

Abstract: A circuit configuration and a method for determining a current drawn from a mains by a converter through a dc voltage intermediate circuit, replaces a required pulse-resistant input current measuring resistor with a conductor track of the circuit configuration itself. Since the input current drawn from the mains by the dc voltage intermediate circuit is on average equal to the output current delivered to the converter, the present resistance of the conductor track is given by the resistance of the measuring resistor downstream of the dc voltage intermediate circuit, weighted with the quotient of the input and output voltage drops. In that way, the mains current and therewith the power factor can be influenced by way of a current limiter without requiring an expensive pulse-resistant special resistor for mains current measurement.

Patent Number: 6,975,495 Issued on 12/13/2005 to Weinmann


Inventors: Weinmann; Martin (Bad Waldsee, DE)
Assignee: Diehl AKO Stiftung & Co. KG (Munich, DE)
Appl. No.: 352681
Filed: January 28, 2003

Foreign Application Priority Data

Jan 31, 2002[DE]102 03 813

Current U.S. Class: 361/93.1
Intern'l Class: H02H 009/04
Field of Search: 361/58,937,931 363/37 324/601,691


References Cited [Referenced By]

U.S. Patent Documents
5258738Nov., 1993Schat.
6111766Aug., 2000Chang et al.
6313977Nov., 2001Hauer.
Foreign Patent Documents
90 15 206.9Feb., 1991DE.
43 39 551Oct., 1994DE.
198 34 315Feb., 2000DE.
198 38 974Mar., 2000DE.
100 13 345Oct., 2001DE.

Primary Examiner: Sircus; Brian
Assistant Examiner: Benenson; Boris
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Greenberg; Laurence A., Stemer; Werner H., Locher; Ralph E.

Claims



1. A method of ascertaining an input current, which comprises:

providing a dc voltage intermediate circuit;

providing a converter receiving the input current to be ascertained, from the dc voltage intermediate circuit;

providing an input current measuring resistor upstream of the dc voltage intermediate circuit;

providing a known output current measuring resistor downstream of the dc voltage intermediate circuit, defining an output voltage drop across the output current measuring resistor;

determining an input current upstream of the dc voltage intermediate circuit as a quotient of an input voltage drop across the input current measuring resistor and a magnitude of the input current measuring resistor; and

determining the magnitude of the input current measuring resistor by evaluating the known output current measuring resistor with a quotient of a currently measured period mean value of the input voltage drop and the output voltage drop.

2. The method according to claim 1, which further comprises measuring the voltage drop at both of the current measuring resistors at least quasi-continuously.

3. The method according to claim 2, which further comprises:

providing a rectifier bridge receiving current from a mains;

providing a limiter circuit between the rectifier bridge and the dc voltage intermediate circuit; and

limiting current consumption from the mains with the limiter circuit in dependence on the measured voltage drop between the dc voltage intermediate circuit and the rectifier bridge, for improving a power factor as a consequence of damping harmonics by sinusoidal current consumption and limiting an effective current consumption from the mains to a fuse-specific reference value in the case of extreme mains impedance.

4. The method according to claim 3, which further comprises ascertaining the output voltage drop through the use of a current flowing from the dc voltage intermediate circuit to the converter, with an SMD thick-film resistor.

5. The method according to claim 1, which further comprises carrying out the step of determining the magnitude of the input current measuring resistor by multiplying the magnitude of the known output current measuring resistor by a quotient of measured voltages at the input current measuring resistor and at the output current measuring resistor.

6. The method according to claim 2, which further comprises limiting current consumption from the mains by limiting the motor power if the effective mains current consumption exceeds the limit of a fuse-specific reference value.
Description



BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Field of the Invention

The invention relates to a circuit configuration for ascertaining a current drawn by a converter through a dc voltage intermediate circuit having measuring resistors upstream and downstream of the dc voltage intermediate circuit. The invention also relates to a method of ascertaining an input current drawn by a converter through a dc voltage intermediate circuit, through the use of voltage measurement at measuring resistors upstream and downstream of the dc voltage intermediate circuit. The input current upstream of the dc voltage intermediate circuit is determined as a quotient of a voltage drop and a magnitude of the input current measuring resistor.

A circuit configuration of that kind is known from FIG. 6 of German Published, Non-prosecuted Patent Application DE 198 34 315 A1, corresponding to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/363,866. The circuit configuration shown therein substantially includes a rectifier bridge connected to the mains, a dc voltage intermediate circuit and a six-pulse converter which is fed therefrom and feeds a three-phase motor. In addition, a respective measuring resistor is disposed between the rectifier bridge and the dc voltage intermediate circuit as well as between the latter and the converter. The last, downstream measuring resistor measures the converter current from the dc voltage intermediate circuit and the upstream measuring resistor measures the input current drawn from the mains.

The input current which is ascertained at the upstream measuring resistor can serve as a regulating parameter, for active control of the current drawn from the mains, through the use of a current limiter circuit. That makes it possible to reduce the effective current, improve the power factor (referred to as power factor control or PFC) and limit the power drawn from the mains to a maximum value which, in spite of a momentarily relatively high current demand, still does not cause a mains fuse protection to trip. Since that measuring resistor must be constructed in such a way that it withstands and remains undamaged during high current peaks, particularly when charging up a discharged intermediate circuit capacitor, it is necessary to use a pulse-resistant resistor in that case. The pulse-resistant resistor has a very high individual item cost and by virtue of its dimensions is usually not suitable for automatic equipment in a circuit configuration.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is accordingly an object of the invention to provide a circuit configuration and a method for measuring and limiting currents, which overcome the hereinafore-mentioned disadvantages of the heretofore-known devices and methods of this general type, which measure a mains current received from a converter through a dc voltage intermediate circuit and which make it possible to forego the use of a special pulse-resistant resistor.

With the foregoing and other objects in view there is provided, in accordance with the invention, a circuit configuration for ascertaining a current. The circuit configuration comprises a dc voltage intermediate circuit. A converter receives the current to be ascertained, from the dc voltage intermediate circuit. An output current measuring resistor is disposed downstream of the do voltage intermediate circuit. An input current measuring resistor is disposed upstream of the dc voltage intermediate circuit and is a conductor track of the circuit configuration.

In accordance with another feature of the invention, a conventional resistor such as, for example, an SMD thick-film resistor, is still used as the output current measuring resistor, downstream of the dc voltage intermediate circuit. With the objects of the invention in view, there is also provided a method of ascertaining an input current, which comprises providing a dc voltage intermediate circuit, a converter receiving the input current to be ascertained, from the dc voltage intermediate circuit, an input current measuring resistor upstream of the dc voltage intermediate circuit, and a known output current measuring resistor downstream of the dc voltage intermediate circuit, defining an output voltage drop across the output current measuring resistor. An input current upstream of the dc voltage intermediate circuit is determined as a quotient of an input voltage drop across the input current measuring resistor and a magnitude of the input current measuring resistor. The magnitude of the input current measuring resistor is determined by evaluating the known output current measuring resistor with a quotient of a currently measured period mean value of the input voltage drop and the output voltage drop.

Therefore, the method of ascertaining the mains current which is obtained by way of a dc voltage intermediate circuit is based on voltage measurement at measuring resistors upstream and downstream of the dc voltage intermediate circuit. Since the intermediate circuit capacitor on average delivers as much charge to the converter as it has previously received from the mains, the input current upstream and the output current downstream of the dc voltage intermediate circuit are on average the same. They can be described in accordance with Ohm's law by voltage and resistance. Accordingly, the initially indeterminate magnitude of the input current measuring resistor is determined from the known magnitude of the output current measuring resistor multiplied by the quotient of the measured voltages at the input current measuring resistor and at the output current measuring resistor. If measurement of the voltages at the two measuring resistors is implemented continuously or quasi-continuously, it is possible to ascertain a present period mean value therefrom.

The input current being ascertained is a measurement with respect to the current consumption from the mains. It can be influenced by way of a current limiter and can thus regulate the power factor without requiring an expensive pulse-resistant special resistor for mains current measurement.

Other features which are considered as characteristic for the invention are set forth in the appended claims.

Although the invention is illustrated and described herein as embodied in a circuit configuration and a method for measuring and limiting currents, it is nevertheless not intended to be limited to the details shown, since various modifications and structural changes may be made therein without departing from the spirit of the invention and within the scope and range of equivalents of the claims.

The construction and method of operation of the invention, however, together with additional objects and advantages thereof will be best understood from the following description of specific embodiments when read in connection with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

The figure of the drawing is a schematic and block diagram of a circuit configuration according to the invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Referring now in detail to the single figure of the drawing, there is seen a simplified topology of a circuit configuration 10 according to the invention for active power factor correction by control of current consumption from a mains 11. An intermediate circuit capacitor 14, disposed in a dc voltage intermediate circuit 13, is charged by way of a rectifier bridge 12 which is connected to the mains 11. A rotating-field motor 18 connected downstream of a converter 15 is fed with power from the capacitor 14, in accordance with an actuation of switching devices 16 and 17 in half-branches of the converter 15, and the intermediate circuit capacitor 14 is correspondingly discharged. The intermediate circuit capacitor 14 is re-charged from the mains 11 by way of the rectifier bridge 12.

The current from the dc voltage intermediate circuit 13 flows by way of a measuring resistor 19 to the converter 15. The operation of ascertaining the current is implemented at the output current measuring resistor 19, which has a known magnitude or value Ru, by measuring a voltage drop URu. An upstream measuring resistor 20 is connected between the dc voltage intermediate circuit 13 and the rectifier bridge 12 for measuring an input current Ie. The input current Ie which is ascertained in this case can be used for controlling mains current consumption for recharging the intermediate circuit capacitor 14, by way of a current limiter circuit 9.

The input current measuring resistor 20 upstream of the dc voltage intermediate circuit 13 is a conductor track or path of the circuit 10 itself, at which a voltage drop URe is measured. A quotient of that voltage drop URe and a magnitude or value Re of the input current measuring resistor 20 supplies the input current Ie.

The small voltage drops URu and URe which are respectively taken off at the measuring resistors 19 and 20 are amplified by respective amplifiers 21 and 22 to a processing level for an analog-to-digital converter 23 which thus feeds a control device 24 that controls the current limiter 9. The control device 24 is, for example, a microcontroller.

The current drawn from the mains 11 is limited through the use of the circuit 9 in dependence on the measured voltage drop URe between the dc voltage intermediate circuit 13 and the rectifier bridge 12. In this way, a power factor is improved as a consequence of damping harmonics by a sinusoidal current consumption or in the case of an extreme mains impedance the effective current consumption from the mains 11 is limited to a fuse-specific reference value.

In order to determine the magnitude or value Re of the input current measuring resistor 20 which, by virtue of being in the form of a conductor track or path, is not clearly determined and is not constant, and in order to thereby compensate for errors which are caused by film thickness tolerances for the conductor track, non-unitary temperature coefficients, oxidation and so forth, measurement of the voltage drop URe is effected at least quasi-continuously, and likewise with the measurement of the voltage drop URu at the output current measuring resistor 19. The integral mean values of the voltage drop at the measuring resistors 19 and 20 are ascertained from those measurements during a mains period which is given by the reciprocal value of the mains frequency.

The method of current measurement makes use of the fact that a charge flowing by way of the input current measuring resistor 20, for charging up the intermediate circuit capacitor 14, upon the subsequent discharge thereof for feeding the converter 15, flows away again at an identical magnitude by way of the output current measuring resistor 19. As a consequence of this, the mean value of the current flow Ie through the input current measuring resistor 20 during a mains period is equal to the mean value of a current flow Iu through the output current measuring resistor 19 during a mains period.

In accordance with Ohm's law, the period mean value of the respective current flow Ie and Iu through one of the respective measuring resistors 19 and 20 is described by the quotient of the mean value of the respective input voltage drop URe and output voltage drop URu at the respective measuring resistors 20 and 19 during a mains period and the magnitude Re and Ru of the respective measuring resistors 20 and 19.

As stated above, the voltage drop URe and URu is measured at the measuring resistors 20 and 19. The magnitude Ru of the output current measuring resistor 19 is also known. However, it is necessary to ascertain the indeterminate value Re of the input current measuring resistor 20 for the purposes of measuring the current flow Ie. That is effected by evaluation of the magnitude Ru of the output current measuring resistor 19 with the quotient of currently measured period mean values of the input voltage drop URe at the measuring resistor 20 and the output voltage drop URu at the measuring resistor 19.

Preferably, the voltage drop at the two measuring resistors 19 and 20 is measured continuously. It is possible to regulate the current consumption from the mains 11 by way of the current limiter 9 or by way of the motor power limitation by means of converter 15, in dependence on the measured input voltage drop URe between the dc voltage intermediate circuit 13 and the rectifier bridge 12.

An SMD thick-film resistor which can be inserted without any difficulty can be used as the output current measuring resistor 19 for measuring the output voltage drop URu downstream of the dc voltage intermediate circuit 13.

Therefore, in accordance with the invention, a circuit configuration 10 for determining the current Ie drawn from the mains 11 by a converter 15 through a dc voltage intermediate circuit 13 replaces the pulse-resistant input current measuring resistor 20, which is necessary anyway, with a conductor track or path of the circuit configuration itself. Since the input current Ie drawn from the mains 11 by the dc voltage intermediate circuit 13 is on average equal to the output current Iu delivered to the converter 15, the present resistance Re of the conductor track is given by the resistance Ru of the measuring resistor 19 downstream of the dc voltage intermediate circuit 13, weighted with the quotient URe/URu of the input and output voltage drop. In that way, the mains current and therewith the power factor can be influenced by way of a current limiter 9 without requiring an expensive pulse-resistant special resistor for mains current measurement.

*


Free Web Sudoku Puzzles.
Solve with your browser.
        8     9  
9 1         6   4
6         7 8 3  
      8 9   1    
  9           5  
    7   1 5      
  6 3 1         5
1   5         2 9
  8     7        
What is it?



Add Your Site · Terms Of Service · Privacy Policy


DISCLAIMER
Linkgrinder is a free service that searches the Internet and indexes all files found so that you may search quickly and easily for shared files. These files are created and made available individually by users whose identity we are not aware of and who we have no control over. In essence we function like a search engine tool; these files ARE NOT STORED OR SERVED BY OUR NETWORK. We are not responsible for any materials obtained by using our service. We do not monitor any of the contents of these files. These files may contain viruses, illegal materials, materials inappropriate for minors, offensive files and the like. BY USING OUR SERVICE, YOU ASSUME FULL RESPONSIBILITY FOR DOWNLOADING THESE MATERIALS AND WILL INDEMNIFY US FOR ANY DAMAGES THAT MAY BE INCURRED.

For More Specific Information VIEW OUR TERMS OF SERVICE.

Thank you and Enjoy!