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Electrical power distribution control methods, electrical energy demand monitoring methods, and power management devices Number:7,149,605 from the United States Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) owispatent

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Title: Electrical power distribution control methods, electrical energy demand monitoring methods, and power management devices

Abstract: Electrical power distribution control methods, electrical energy demand monitoring methods, and power management devices are described. In one aspect, an electrical power distribution control method includes providing electrical energy from an electrical power distribution system, applying the electrical energy to a load, providing a plurality of different values for a threshold at a plurality of moments in time and corresponding to an electrical characteristic of the electrical energy, and adjusting an amount of the electrical energy applied to the load responsive to an electrical characteristic of the electrical energy triggering one of the values of the threshold at the respective moment in time.

Patent Number: 7,149,605 Issued on 12/12/2006 to Chassin,   et al.

Inventors: Chassin; David P. (Pasco, WA), Donnelly; Matthew K. (Kennewick, WA), Dagle; Jeffery E. (Richland, WA)
Assignee: Battelle Memorial Institute (Richland, WA)
Appl. No.: 10/461,137
Filed: June 13, 2003

Current U.S. Class: 700/295 ; 700/286; 700/296
Current International Class: G05D 11/00 (20060101)
Field of Search: 700/295,296,286,291,297,22,293,294,298 713/340,601 705/400,412

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Primary Examiner: Picard; Leo
Assistant Examiner: Kasenge; Charles
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Wells St. John, P.S.
Claims


What is claimed is:

1. An electrical power distribution control method comprising: providing electrical energy from an electrical power distribution system; applying the electrical energy to a load; providing a plurality of different values for a threshold at a plurality of moments in time and corresponding to an electrical characteristic of the electrical energy; adjusting an amount of the electrical energy applied to the load responsive to an electrical characteristic of the electrical energy triggering one of the values of the threshold at the respective moment in time; and monitoring frequency of the electrical energy, and wherein the adjusting is responsive to the monitoring.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the adjusting comprises adjusting responsive to the frequency of the electrical energy dropping below the one of the values of the threshold.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein the applying comprises applying the electrical energy to the load located at a customer location, and the monitoring comprises monitoring using control circuitry located proximate to the customer location.

4. The method of claim 1 wherein the applying comprises applying the electrical energy to the load located at a customer location, and the adjusting comprises adjusting using control circuitry located proximate to the customer location.

5. The method of claim 4 wherein the control circuitry comprises control circuitry of a power management device coupled with the load.

6. The method of claim 4 wherein the control circuitry comprises control circuitry of the load.

7. The method of claim 1 wherein the providing the different values comprises randomly assigning the values.

8. The method of claim 1 wherein the providing comprises providing the different values according to a statistical distribution.

9. The method of claim 1 wherein the adjusting comprises reducing the amount of the electrical energy, and further comprising: monitoring a length of time of the adjustment; and increasing an amount of the electrical energy applied to the load responsive to the length of time exceeding a time out.

10. The method of claim 1 wherein the adjusting comprises adjusting for a variable length of time.

11. The method of claim 1 wherein the adjusting comprises adjusting for a random length of time.

12. The method of claim 1 wherein the adjusting comprises reducing the amount of electrical energy applied to the load.

13. The method of claim 1 wherein the adjusting comprises ceases the applying of the electrical energy.

14. An electrical power distribution control method comprising: providing electrical energy from an electrical power distribution system; applying the electrical energy to a load; randomly selecting a value of a threshold corresponding to an electrical characteristic of the electrical energy of the electrical power distribution system; and adjusting an amount of the electrical energy applied to the load responsive to the electrical characteristic oF the electrical energy triggering the value of the threshold.

15. The method of claim 14 wherein the randomly selecting comprises randomly selecting a plurality of different values of the threshold at a plurality of moments in time.

16. The method of claim 14 wherein the adjusting comprises adjusting using control circuitry, and further comprising applying operational power to the control circuitry, and wherein the randomly selecting comprises randomly selecting responsive to the applying of the operational power to the control circuitry.

17. The method of claim 14 further comprising monitoring the electrical characteristic of the electrical energy with respect to the value of the threshold, and wherein the adjusting is responsive to the monitoring.

18. The method of claim 14 wherein the randomly selecting comprises randomly selecting according to a statistical distribution.

19. The method of claim 14 wherein the monitoring comprises monitoring frequency of the electrical energy.

20. The method of claim 14 wherein the adjusting comprises adjusting for a variable length of time.

21. The method of claim 14 wherein the adjusting comprises adjusting for a random length of time.

22. The method of claim 14 wherein the randomly selecting comprises randomly selecting responsive to electrical noise.

23. An electrical power distribution control method comprising: receiving electrical energy from an electrical power distribution system using control circuitry of a power management device; applying electrical energy of the electrical power distribution system to a load using the control circuitiy; monitoring an electrical characteristic of the received electrical energy using the control circuitry; adjusting the applying at a plurality of moments in time responsive to the monitoring, wherein the adjusting comprises adjusting an amount of the electrical energy applied to the load for a plurality of different lengths of time at the respective moments in time; and randomly selecting the different lengths of time responsive to initialization of circuitry of the power management device.

24. The method of claim 23 wherein the monitoring comprises monitoring frequency of the electrical energy.

25. The method of claim 23 wherein the load comprises the control circuitry.

26. The method of claim 23 wherein the randomly selecting comprises initializing the circuitry at the respective moments in time.

27. The method of claim 23 wherein the initialized circuitry comprises memory circuitry.

28. The method of claim 27 wherein the memory circuitry provides a plurality of random numbers during initialization at the respective moments in time, and the randomly selecting comprises randomly selecting the different lengths of time using respective ones of the random numbers.

29. The method of claim 27 wherein the memory circuitry provides the random numbers resulting from electrical noise at the respective moments in time.

30. The method of claim 27 wherein the memory circuitry comprises memory circuitry of the control circuitry.

31. The method of claim 27 further comprising applying power to the memory circuitry to provide the initialization.

32. The method of claim 31 wherein the initialization comprises re-initializing the memory circuitry after the applying of the power.

33. An electrical power distribution control method comprising: providing electrical energy using a grid of an electrical power distribution system; applying the electrical energy to a plurality of loads coupled with the electrical power distribution system; providing a power management system comprising a plurality of power management devices coupled with respective ones of the loads; controlling an electrical characteristic of the electrical energy on the grid of the electrical power distribution system using the power management system; and wherein the controlling comprises controlling frequency of the electrical energy of the electrical power distribution system.

34. The method of claim 33 wherein the controlling comprises controlling the applying using the power management devices.

35. The method of claim 33 wherein the power management devices of the power management system exhibit emergent behavior during the controlling.

36. The method of claim 35 wherein the power management devices are configured to control the applying according to a plurality of respective rules, and wherein the rules are configured to provide the emergent behavior.

37. The method of claim 36 wherein the rules configure the power management devices to adjust an amount of the electrical energy applied to the respective loads responsive to the electrical characteristic triggering respective threshold values of the power management devices.

38. The method of claim 37 further comprising assigning the threshold values to respective ones of the power management devices according to a statistical distribution.

39. The method of claim 36 wherein the rules configure the power management devices to adjust an amount of the electrical energy applied to the respective loads responsive to the electrical characteristic comprising frequency triggering respective threshold values of the power management devices.

40. The method of claim 33 further comprising providing a desired operating range for the electrical characteristic of the electrical power distribution system, and wherein the controlling comprises controlling to maintain operations of the electrical power distribution system at the provided desired operating range.

41. The method of claim 33 wherein the controlling comprises simultaneously using the plurality of power management devices to control the electrical characteristic of the electrical energy of the electrical power distribution system.

42. The method of claim 33 wherein the providing the electrical energy comprises providing the electrical energy using a distribution grid of the electrical power distribution system.

43. An electrical energy demand monitoring method comprising: providing electrical energy from an electrical power distribution system; applying the electrical energy to a plurality of loads coupled with the electrical power distribution system; monitoring an electrical characteristic of the electrical energy; adjusting an amount of the electrical energy applied to at least one of the loads responsive to the monitoring; calculating a deficit of the electrical energy of the electrical power distribution system responsive to the monitoring; wherein the calculating comprises calculating the deficit of the electrical energy on a grid of the electrical power distribution; and wherein the monitoring comprises monitoring frequency of the electrical energy.

44. The method of claim 43 wherein the adjusting comprises reducing the amount of electrical energy.

45. The method of claim 43 wherein the adjusting comprises ceasing the applying of the electrical energy.

46. The method of claim 43 wherein the calculating comprises: determining a number of the loads having the application of electrical energy adjusted responsive to the monitoring; and quantifying an amount of electrical energy consumed by the number of the loads.

47. The method of claim 46 wherein the determining comprises statistically determining.

48. The method of claim 46 further comprising associating a plurality of threshold values with respective ones of the loads, and wherein the adjusting comprises adjusting responsive to the electrical characteristic triggering respective ones of the threshold values, and wherein the determining comprises determining using the threshold values.

49. The method of claim 43 further comprising estimating a price of electrical energy using the calculated deficit.

50. The method of claim 43 wherein the deficit is indicative of a relationship of generation and consumption of the electrical energy on the grid of the electrical power distribution system.

51. An electrical power distribution control method comprising: providing electrical energy using an electrical power distribution system; applying the electrical energy to a load using a power management device; detecting a power oscillation within the electrical power distribution system; adjusting an amount of electrical energy applied to the load using the power management device and responsive to the detecting; and wherein the adjusting comprises: modulating the amount of electrical energy applied to the load using the power management device; and synchronizing the modulation with the power oscillation.

52. The method of claim 51 wherein the detecting comprises detecting an amplitude of the power oscillation reaching an oscillation threshold, and the adjusting comprises adjusting to reduce the amplitude of the power oscillation.

53. The method of claim 51 wherein the detecting comprises monitoring system frequency of the electrical energy.

54. The method of claim 53 wherein the monitoring comprises: decimating data of the system frequency of the electrical energy: low pass filtering the data; Fourier processing the data; and comparing the processed data to an oscillation threshold.

55. The method of claim 51 further comprising: further detecting an electrical characteristic of the electrical energy triggering a shed threshold; and adjusting an amount of electrical energy applied to the load responsive to the further detecting.

56. A power management device comprising: an interface configured to receive electrical energy from an electrical power distribution system; control circuitry configured to control an amount of the electrical energy provided to a load coupled with the power management device, to access a plurality of different values for a threshold at a plurality of moments in time and corresponding to an electrical characteristic of the electrical energy, to monitor the electrical characteristic of the electrical energy with respect to the threshold, and to adjust the amount of the electrical energy provided to the load responsive to the electrical characteristic of the electrical energy triggering a respective one of the values of the threshold; and wherein the control circuitry is configured to monitor the electrical characteristic comprising frequency of the electrical energy.

57. The device of claim 56 wherein the control circuitry is configured to adjust the amount of the electrical energy responsive to the frequency of the electrical energy dropping below the respective one of the values of the threshold.

58. The device of claim 56 wherein the control circuitry is configured to access the different values comprising randomly generated values.

59. The device of claim 56 wherein the control circuitry is configured to access the different values comprising values generated in accordance with a statistical distribution.

60. The device of claim 56 wherein the control circuitry is configured to adjust the amount of the electrical energy for a variable length of time.

61. The device of claim 56 wherein the control circuitry is configured to adjust the amount of the electrical energy for a random length of time.

62. The device of claim 56 wherein the cOntrol circuitry of the power management device is proximately located with respect to the load.

63. The device of claim 56 wherein the control circuitry of the power management device is located within the load.

64. The device of claim 56 wherein the interface is located intermediate the electrical power distribution system and the load.

65. The device of claim 56 wherein the control circuitry of the power management device comprises control circuitry of the load.

66. The device of claim 56 wherein the control circuitry is configured to adjust the amount of the electrical energy comprising reducing the amount.

67. The device of claim 56 wherein the control circuitry is configured to adjust the amount of the electrical energy comprising ceasing the provision of the electrical energy to the load.

68. A power management device comprising: an interface configured to receive electrical energy from an electrical power distribution system; control circuitry configured to control an amount of the electrical energy provided to a load coupled with the power management device, to detect a power oscillation within the electrical power distribution system, and to adjust an amount of the electrical energy provided to the load responsive to the detection of the power oscillation; and wherein the control circuitry is configured to compare an amplitude of the power oscillation with an osculation threshold and to adjust the amount of the electrical energy to reduce the amplitude.

69. The device of claim 68 wherein the control circuitry is configured to adjust the amount of the electrical energy to reduce the amplitude of the power oscillation.

70. The device of claim 68 wherein the control circuitry is configured to adjust the amount of the electrical energy comprising reducing the amount.

71. The device of claim 68 wherein the control circuitry is configured to adjust the amount of the electrical energy comprising ceasing the providing of the electrical energy to the load.

72. The device of claim 68 wherein the control circuitry is configured to modulate the amount of the electrical energy provided to the load and synchronized with the power oscillation.

73. The device of claim 68 wherein the control circuitry is configured to monitor the system frequency to detect the power oscillation.

74. The device of claim 68 wherein the control circuitry is configured to monitor an electrical characteristic of the electrical energy, to detect the electrical characteristic triggering a shed threshold, and to adjust the amount of the electrical energy provided to the load responsive to the detection of the triggering.

75. An electrical power distribution control method comprising: providing electrical energy from an electrical power distribution system; applying the electrical energy to a plurality of loads coupled with the electrical power distribution system; providing a power management system comprising a plurality of power management devices coupled with respective ones of the loads; controlling an electrical characteristic of the electrical energy of the electrical power distribution system using the power management system; wherein the power management devices of the power management system exhibit emergent behavior during the controlling; wherein the power management devices are configured to control the applying according to a plurality of respective rules, and wherein the rules are configured to provide the emergent behavior; and wherein the rules configure the power management devices to adjust an amount of the electrical energy applied to the respective loads responsive to the electrical characteristic triggering respective threshold values of the power management devices.

76. The method of claim 75 further comprising assigning the threshold values to respective ones of the power management devices according to a statistical distribution.

77. The method of claim 75 wherein the rules configure the power management devices to adjust the amount of the electrical energy applied to the respective loads responsive to the electrical characteristic comprising frequency triggering the respective threshold values of the power management devices.

78. An electrical power distribution control method comprising: providing electrical energy from an electrical power distribution system; applying the electrical energy to a load; providing a plurality of different values for a threshold at a plurality of moments in time and corresponding to an electrical characteristic of the electrical energy; adjusting an amount of the electrical energy applied to the load responsive to an electrical characteristic of the electrical energy triggering one of the values of the threshold at the respective moment in time; and wherein the providing the different values comprises randomly assigning the values.

79. An electrical power distribution control method comprising: providing electrical energy from an electrical power distribution system; applying the electrical energy to a load; providing a plurality of different values for a threshold at a plurality of moments in time and corresponding to an electrical characteristic of the electrical energy; adjusting an amount of the electrical energy applied to the load responsive to an electrical characteristic of the electrical energy triggering one of the values of the threshold at the respective moment in time; and wherein the adjusting comprises adjusting for a random length of time.

80. An electrical power distribution control method comprising: providing electrical energy using a grid of an electrical power distribution system; applying the electrical energy to a plurality of toads coupled with the electrical power distribution system; providing a power management system comprising a plurality of power management devices coupled with respective ones of the loads; controlling an electrical characteristic of the electrical energy on the grid of the electrical power distribution system using the power management system; wherein the power management devices of the power management system exhibit emergent behavior during the controlling; wherein the power management devices are configured to control the applying according to a plurality of respective rules, and wherein the rules are configured to provide the emergent behavior; and wherein the rules configure the power management devices to adjust an amount of the electrical energy applied to the respective loads responsive to the electrical characteristic triggering respective threshold values of the power management devices.

81. The method of claim 80 further comprising assigning the threshold values to respective ones of the power management devices according to a statistical distribution.

82. An electrical power distribution control method comprising: providing electrical energy using a grid of an electrical power distribution system; applying the electrical energy to a plurality of loads coupled with the electrical power distribution system; providing a power management system comprising a plurality of power management devices coupled with respective ones of the loads; controlling an electrical characteristic of the electrical energy on the grid of the electrical power distribution system using the power management system; wherein the power management devices of the power management system exhibit emergent behavior during the controlling; wherein the power management devices are configured to control the applying according to a plurality of respective rules, and wherein the rules are configured to provide the emergent behavior; and wherein the rules configure the power management devices to adjust an amount of the electrical energy applied to the respective loads responsive to the electrical characteristic comprising frequency triggering respective threshold values of the power management devices.

83. A power management device comprising: an interface configured to receive electrical energy from an electrical power distribution system; control circuitry configured to control an amount of the electrical energy provided to a load coupled with the power management device, to access a plurality of different values for a threshold at a plurality of moments in time and corresponding to an electrical characteristic of the electrical energy, to monitor the electrical characteristic of the electrical energy with respect to the threshold, and to adjust the amount of the electrical energy provided to the load responsive to the electrical characteristic of the electrical energy triggering a respective one of the values of the threshold; and wherein the control circuitry is configured to access the different values comprising randomly generated values.

84. A power management device comprising: an interface configured to receive electrical energy from an electrical power distribution system; control circuitry configured to control an amount of the electrical energy provided to a load coupled with the power management device, to access a plurality of different values for a threshold at a plurality of moments in time and corresponding to an electrical characteristic of the electrical energy, to monitor the electrical characteristic of the electrical energy with respect to the threshold, and to adjust the amount of the electrical energy provided to the load responsive to the electrical characteristic of the electrical energy triggering a respective one of the values of the threshold; and wherein the control circuitry is configured to adjust the amount of the electrical energy for a random length of time.

85. An electrical power distribution control method comprising: providing electrical energy from an electrical power distribution system; applying the electrical energy to a plurality of roads coupled with the electrical power distribution system; providing a power management system comprising a plurality of power management devices coupled with respective ones of the loads; controlling an electrical characteristic of the electrical energy of the electrical power distribution system using the power management system; wherein the power management devices of the power management system exhibit emergent behavior during the controlling; wherein the power management devices are configured to control the applying according to a plurality of respective rules, and wherein the rules are configured to provide the emergent behavior; and wherein the rules configure the power management devices to adjust an amount of the electrical energy applied to the respective loads responsive to the electrical characteristic comprising frequency triggering respective threshold values of the power management devices.

86. An electrical energy demand monitoring method comprising: providing electrical energy from an electrical power distribution system; applying the electrical energy to a plurality of loads coupled with the electrical power distribution system; monitoring an electrical characteristic of the electrical energy; adjusting an amount of the electrical energy applied to at least one of the loads responsive to the monitoring; calculating a deficit of the electrical energy of the electrical power distribution system responsive to the monitoring; and wherein the monitoring comprises monitoring frequency of the electrical energy.

87. An electrical energy demand monitoring method comprising: providing electrical energy from an electrical power distribution system; applying the electrical energy to a plurality of loads coupled with the electrical power distribution system; monitoring an electrical characteristic of the electrical energy; adjusting an amount of the electrical energy applied to at least one of the loads responsive to the monitoring; calculating a deficit of the electrical energy of the electrical power distribution system responsive to the monitoring; and associating a plurality of threshold values with respective ones of the loads, and wherein the adjusting comprises adjusting responsive to the electrical characteristic triggering respective ones of the threshold values, and wherein the determining comprises determining using the threshold values.

88. The method of claim 87 wherein the deficit is indicative of a relationship of generation and consumption of the electrical energy on the grid of the electrical power distribution system.

89. An electrical power distribution control method comprising: providing electrical energy using an electrical power distribution system; applying the electrical energy to a load using a power management device; detecting a power oscillation within the electrical power distribution system; adjusting an amount of electrical energy applied to the load using the power management device and responsive to the detecting; and wherein the detecting comprises monitoring system frequency of the electrical energy; and wherein the monitoring comprises: decimating data of the system frequency of the electrical energy; low pass filtering the data; Fourier processing the data; and comparing the processed data to an oscillation threshold.

90. An electrical power distribution control method comprising: providing electrical energy using an electrical power distribution system; applying the electrical energy to a load using a power management device; detecting a power oscillation within the electrical power distribution system; adjusting an amount of electrical energy applied to the load using the power management device and responsive to the detecting; further detecting an electrical characteristic of the electrical energy triggering a shed threshold; and adjusting an amount of electrical energy applied to the load responsive to the further detecting.

91. A power management device comprising: an interface configured to receive electrical energy from an electrical power distribution system; control circuitry configured to control an amount of the electrical energy provided to a load coupled with the power management device, to detect a power oscillation within the electrical power distribution system, and to adjust an amount of the electrical energy provided to the load responsive to the detection of the power oscillation; and wherein the control circuitry is configured to modulate the amount of the electrical energy provided to the load and synchronized with the power oscillation.

92. A power management device comprising: an interface configured to receive electrical energy from an electrical power distribution system; control circuitry configured to control an amount of the electrical energy provided to a load coupled with the power management device, to detect a power oscillation within the electrical power distribution system, and to adjust an amount of the electrical energy provided to the load responsive to the detection of the power oscillation; and wherein the control circuitry is configured to monitor an electrical characteristic of the electrical energy, to detect the electrical characteristic triggering a shed threshold, and to adjust the amount of the electrical energy provided to the load responsive to the detection of the triggering.

93. An electrical energy demand monitoring method comprising: providing electrical energy from an electrical power distribution system; applying the electrical energy to a plurality of loads coupled with the electrical power distribution system; monitoring an electrical characteristic of the electrical energy; adjusting an amount of the electrical energy applied to at least one of the loads responsive to the monitoring; calculating a deficit of the electrical energy of the electrical power distribution system responsive to the monitoring; wherein the calculating comprises calculating the deficit of the electrical energy on a grid of the electrical power distribution system; wherein the calculating further comprises: determining a number of the toads having the application of electrical energy adjusted responsive to the monitoring; and quantifying an amount of electrical energy consumed by the number of the loads; and associating a plurality of threshold values with respective ones of the loads, and wherein the adjusting comprises adjusting responsive to the electrical characteristic triggering respective ones of the threshold values, and wherein the determining comprises determining using the threshold values.
Description


TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates to electrical power distribution control methods, electrical energy demand monitoring methods, and power management devices.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Consumption of and reliance upon electrical energy is increasing. Usage of electrical energy is ubiquitous in almost every aspect of life. Businesses, entertainment, communications, etc. are heavily dependent upon electrical energy for fundamental operation. Power distribution systems or grids provide electrical energy to households, businesses, manufacturing facilities, hospitals., etc. Such systems are typically reliable, however, numerous systems employ backup electrical supplies in case of failure of the power distribution system being utilized.

Some electrical power distribution systems are ever-changing dynamic systems and operations are often concerned with balancing generation with load. Frequency of the voltage of the electrical energy may be used as an indicator of variances between generation of electrical energy and usage of electrical energy by loads coupled with the electrical power distribution system. For example, when demand exceeds generation, the frequency of the electrical energy on the electrical power distribution system may drop, and conversely, when there is excess electrical energy available, the frequency increases. Over a given 24 hour period, it is desired to balance energy surplus and deficit so the average frequency is 60 Hz, or other desired frequency.

Typically, control of the state of the electrical power distribution system is implemented by controlling operations of generators coupled with the system. For example, at times of increased demand, the output of generators may be increased and/or other generators may be brought on-line to assist with supplying the electrical energy. In addition, spinning reserves may be utilized to accommodate unexpected significant fluctuations in demand for electrical energy. Provision or spinning reserves is costly, and much of the time, not used.

Some electrical power distribution approaches have been designed to curtail peak loads through the utilization of Demand Side Management (DSM). DSM techniques include direct load control wherein a utility has the ability to curtail specific loads as conditions warrant. In these arrangements, a utility may broadcast a control signal to specific loads when curtailment is desired (e.g., during peak usage periods).

Other electrical power distribution approaches attempt to stabilize bulk-power transmission corridors using external Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices to improve dynamic performance of transmission systems. FACTS devices, such as Static-Var Compensation (SVC) and Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitors (TSCSs), are designed to provide stability enhancements allowing transmission facilities to be loaded to levels approaching their ultimate thermal capacity. These devices may supply reactive power to support voltage or provide modulation to damp electromechanical oscillations.

Utilities may use other devices at distribution points (e.g., substations and/or switchyards) to manage electrical power distribution operations. Exemplary management devices include underfrequency and undervoltage relays. These devices may "black out" entire neighborhoods when a grid is in trouble allowing the grid to recover before power is reapplied to the blacked out customers.

Oscillations of power flows within electrical distribution systems are of concern to utilities. Some techniques utilize large power flow controllers within high capacity transmission lines to reduce or minimize oscillations of power flows. These devices are typically relatively expensive and require significant investment by a utility.

Aspects of the present invention provide improved apparatus and methods for supplying electrical energy.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Preferred embodiments of the invention are described below with reference to the following accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram of an exemplary electrical power distribution system according to one embodiment.

FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram of an exemplary power management device according to one embodiment.

FIG. 3 is an illustrative representation of a plurality of exemplary operational states of the power management device according to one embodiment.

FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating an exemplary control methodology for applying electrical energy to a load according to one embodiment.

FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating another exemplary control methodology for applying electrical energy to a load according to one embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

According to one aspect of the invention, an electrical power distribution control method comprises providing electrical energy from an electrical power distribution system, applying the electrical energy to a load, providing a plurality of different values for a threshold at a plurality of moments in time and corresponding to an electrical characteristic of the electrical energy, and adjusting an amount of the electrical energy applied to the load responsive to an electrical characteristic of the electrical energy triggering one of the values of the threshold at the respective moment in time.

According to another aspect of the invention, an electrical power distribution control method comprises providing electrical energy from an electrical power distribution system, applying the electrical energy to a load, randomly selecting a value of a threshold corresponding to an electrical characteristic of the electrical energy of the electrical power distribution system, and adjusting an amount of the electrical energy applied to the load responsive to the electrical characteristic of the electrical energy triggering the value of the threshold.

According to another aspect of the invention, an electrical power distribution control method comprises receiving electrical energy from an electrical power distribution system using control circuitry, applying electrical energy of the electrical power distribution system to a load using the control circuitry, monitoring an electrical characteristic of the received electrical energy using the control circuitry, and adjusting the applying at a plurality of moments in time responsive to the monitoring, wherein the adjusting comprises adjusting for a plurality of different lengths of time at the respective moments in time.

According to yet another aspect of the invention, an electrical power distribution control method comprises providing electrical energy from an electrical power distribution system, applying the electrical energy to a plurality of loads coupled with the electrical power distribution system, providing a power management system comprising a plurality of power management devices coupled with respective ones of the loads, and controlling an electrical characteristic of the electrical energy of the electrical power distribution system using the power management system.

According to an additional aspect of the invention, an electrical energy demand monitoring method comprises providing electrical energy from an electrical power distribution system, applying the electrical energy to a plurality of loads coupled with the elec


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