Title: Hybrid maize plant and seed
Abstract: This invention relates to a hybrid maze plant, designated as X1069G, produced by crossing two Pioneer Hi-Bred International., Inc inbred maize lines GE535769 and GE515721. This invention thus relates to the hybrid seed X1069G, the hybrid plant produced from the seed, and variants and trivial modifications of hybrid X1069G. This invention also relates to methods for producing a X1069G hybrid maize plant containing genetic material for one or more desirable traits and to the maize plant produced by that method. This invention further relates to methods for making maize lines produced from hybrid maize line X1069G.
Patent Number: 6,936,755 Issued on 08/30/2005 to Grote, et al.
| Inventors:
|
Grote; Edwin Michael (LuVerne, IA);
Strohbehn; Robert Dale (Huron, SD)
|
| Assignee:
|
Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. (Johnston, IA)
|
| Appl. No.:
|
759805 |
| Filed:
|
January 12, 2001 |
| Current U.S. Class: |
800/320.1; 435/412; 435/424; 435/430; 435/468; 800/266; 800/275; 800/279; 800/281; 800/284; 800/298; 800/300.1; 800/302; 800/303 |
| Intern'l Class: |
A01H 001/00; A01H 001/04; A01H 004/00; A01H 005/00; C12N 015/82 |
| Field of Search: |
435/412,419,424,430,468
800/320.1,275,274,266,260,298,300.1,279,281,302,303
|
References Cited [Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
| 4812599 | Mar., 1989 | Segebart.
| |
| 5304719 | Apr., 1994 | Segebart.
| |
| 5367109 | Nov., 1994 | Segebart.
| |
| 6169234 | Jan., 2001 | Fullerton.
| |
| Foreign Patent Documents |
| 0160390 | Nov., 1985 | EP.
| |
Other References
Conger, B.V., et al. (1987) "Somatic Embryogenesis From Cultured Leaf Segments
of Zea Mays", Plant Cell Reports, 6:345-347.
Duncan, D.R., et al. (1985) "The Production of Callus Capable of Plant Regeneration
From Immature Embryos of Numerous Zea Mays Genotypes", Planta, 165:322-332.
Edallo, et al. (1981) "Chromosomal Variation and Frequency of Spontaneous Mutation
Associated with in Vitro Culture and Plant Regeneration in Maize", Maydica, XXVI:39-56.
Green, et al. (1975) "Plant Regeneration From Tissue Cultures of Maize", Crop
Science, vol. 15, pp. 417-421.
Green, C.E., et al. (1982) "Plant Regeneration in Tissue Cultures of Maize" Maize
for Biological Research, pp. 367-372.
Hallauer, A.R. et al. (1988) "Corn Breeding" Corn and Corn Improvement,
No. 18, pp. 463-481.
Meghji, M.R., et al. (1984) "Inbreeding Depression, Inbred & Hybrid Grain Yields,
and Other Traits of Maize Genotypes Representing Three Eras", Crop Science,
vol. 24, pp. 545-549.
Phillips, et al. (1988) "Cell/Tissue Culture and In Vitro Manipulation", Corn
& Corn Improvement, 3rd Ed., ASA Publication, No. 18, pp. 345-387.
Poehlman et al (1995) Breeding Field Crop, 4th Ed., Iowa State University
Press, Ames, IA., pp. 132-155 and 321-344.
Rac, K.V., et al., (1986) "Somatic Embryogenesis in Glume Callus Cultures", Maize
Genetics Cooperative Newsletter, No. 60, pp. 64-65.
Sass, John F. (1977) "Morphology", Corn & Corn Improvement, ASA
Publication, Madison, WI pp. 89-109.
Songstad, D.D. et al. (1988) "Effect of ACC(1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboyclic
acid), Silver Nitrate & Norbonadiene on Plant Regeneration From Maize Callus Cultures",
Plant Cell Reports, 7:262-265.
Tomes, et al. (1985) "The Effect of Parental Genotype on Initiation of Embryogenic
Callus From Elite Maize (Zea Mays L.) Germplasm", Theor. Appl. Genet.,
vol. 70. p. 505-509.
Troyer, et al. (1985) "Selection for Early Flowering in Corn: 10 Late Synthetics",
Crop Science, vol. 25, pp. 695-697.
Umbeck, et al. (1983) "Reversion of Male-Sterile T-Cytoplasm Maize to Male Fertility
in Tissue Culture", Crop Science, vol. 23, pp. 584-588.
Wright, Harold (1980) "Commercial Hybrid Seed Production", Hybridization of
Crop Plants, Ch. 8:161-176.
Wych, Robert D. (1988) "Production of Hybrid Seed", Corn and Corn Improvement,
Ch. 9, pp. 565-607.
|
Primary Examiner: Nelson; Amy J.
Assistant Examiner: Kruse; David H
Attorney, Agent or Firm: McKee, Voorhees & Sease, P.L.C.
Claims
1. Seed of hybrid maize variety designated X1069G, representative seed of said
variety having been deposited under ATCC Accession number PTA-5474.
2. A maize plant, or a part thereof, produced by growing the seed of claim 1.
3. Pollen of the plant of claim 2.
4. An ovule of the plant of claim 2.
5. A tissue culture of regenerable cells produced from the plant of claim 2.
6. Protoplasts produced from the tissue culture of claim 5.
7. The tissue culture of claim 5, wherein cells of the tissue culture are from
a tissue selected from the group consisting of leaf, pollen, embryo, root, root
tip, anther, silk, flower, kernel, ear, cob, husk and stalk.
8. A maize plant regenerated from the tissue culture of claim 5, said plant having
all the morphological and physiological characteristics of hybrid maize plant X1069G,
representative seed of said plant having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-5474.
9. A method for producing an F1 hybrid maize seed, comprising crossing the plant
of claim 2 with a different maize plant and harvesting the resultant F1 hybrid
maize seed.
10. A maize plant, or part thereof, having all the physiological and morphological
characteristics of the hybrid maize plant X1069G, representative seed of said plant
having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-5474.
11. A method of introducing a desired trait into a hybrid maize variety X1069G comprising:
(a) crossing at least one of inbred maize parent plants GE535769 and GE515721,
representative seed of which have been deposited under ATCC Accession Nos. PTA-5522
and PTA-1306 respectively, with another maize line that comprises a desired trait,
to produce F1 progeny plants, wherein the desired trait is selected from the group
consisting of male sterility, herbicide resistance, insect resistance, disease
resistance and waxy starch;
(b) selecting said F1 progeny plants that have the desired trait to produce selected
F1 progeny plants;
(c) backcrossing the selected progeny plants with said inbred maize parent plant
to produce backcross progeny plants;
(d) selecting for backcross progeny plants that have the desired trait and morphological
and physiological characteristics of said inbred maize parent plant to produce
selected backcross progeny plants;
(e) repeating steps (c) and (d) three or more times in succession to produce
a selected fourth or higher backcross progeny plant; and
(f) crossing said fourth or higher backcross progeny plant with the other inbred
maize parent plant to produce a hybrid maize variety X1069G with the desired trait
and all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of hybrid maize
variety X1069G listed in Table 1 as determined at the 5% significance level when
grown in the same environmental conditions.
12. A plant produced by the method of claim 11, wherein the plant has the desired
trait and all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of hybrid
maize variety X1069G listed in Table 1 as determined at the 5% significance level
when grown in the same environmental conditions.
13. The plant of claim 12 wherein the desired trait is herbicide resistance and
the resistance is conferred to an herbicide selected from the group consisting
of: imidazolinone, sulfonylurea, glyphosate, glufosinate, L-phosphinothricin, triazine
and benzonitrile.
14. The plant of claim 12 wherein the desired trait is insect resistance and
the insect resistance is conferred by a transgene encoding a
Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxin.
15. The plant of claim 12 wherein the desired trait is male sterility and the
trait is conferred by a cytoplasmic nucleic acid molecule that confers male sterility.
16. A method of modifying fatty acid metabolism, phytic acid metabolism or carbohydrate
metabolism in a hybrid maize variety X1069G comprising:
(a) crossing at least one of inbred maize parent plants GE535769 and GE515721,
representative seed of which have been deposited under ATCC Accession Nos. as PTA-5522
and PTA-1306 respectively, with another maize line that comprises a nucleic acid
molecule encoding an enzyme selected from the group consisting of phytase, steryl-ACP
desaturase, fructosyltransferase, levansucrase, alpha-amylase, invertase and starch
branching enzyme;
(b) selecting said F1 progeny plants that have said nucleic acid molecule to
produce selected F1 progeny plants;
(c) backcrossing the selected progeny plants with said inbred maize parent plant
to produce backcross progeny plants;
(d) selecting for backcross progeny plants that have said nucleic acid molecule
and morphological and physiological characteristics of said inbred maize parent
plant to produce selected backcross progeny plants;
(e) repeating steps (c) and (d) three or more times in succession to produce
a selected fourth or higher backcross progeny plant; and
(f) crossing said fourth or higher backcross progeny plant with the other inbred
maize parent plant to produce a hybrid maize variety X1069G that comprises said
nucleic acid molecule and has all of the morphological and physiological characteristics
of hybrid maize variety X1069G listed in Table 1 as determined at the 5% significance
level when grown in the same environmental conditions.
17. A plant produced by the method of claim 16, wherein the plant comprises the
nucleic acid molecule and all of the physiological and morphological characteristics
of hybrid maize variety X1069G listed in Table 1 as determined at the 5% significance
level when grown in the same environmental conditions.
18. A method for producing a maize seed, comprising crossing the plant of claim
2 with itself or a different maize plant and harvesting the resultant maize seed.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention is in the field of maize breeding, specifically relating to hybrid
maize designated X1069G.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Plant Breeding
Field crops are bred through techniques that take advantage of the plant's
method of pollination. A plant is self-pollinated if pollen from one flower is
transferred to the same or another flower of the same plant. A plant is cross-pollinated
if the pollen comes from a flower on a different plant
Plants that have been self-pollinated and selected for type for many generations
become homozygous at almost all gene loci and produce a uniform population of true
breeding progeny. A cross between two different homozygous lines produces a uniform
population of hybrid plants that may be heterozygous for many gene loci. A cross
of two plants each heterozygous at a number of gene loci will produce a population
of hybrid plants that differ genetically and will not be uniform.
Maize (
Zea mays L.), often referred to as corn in the United States,
can be bred by both self-pollination and cross-pollination techniques. Maize has
separate male and female flowers on the same plant, located on the tassel and the
ear, respectively. Natural pollination occurs in maize when wind blows pollen from
the tassels to the silks that protrude from the tops of the ears.
The development of a hybrid maize variety in a maize plant breeding program involves
three steps: (1) the selection of plants from various germplasm pools for initial
breeding crosses; (2) the selfing of the selected plants from the breeding crosses
for several generations to produce a series of inbred lines, which, although different
from each other, breed true and are highly uniform; and (3) crossing the selected
inbred lines with unrelated inbred lines to produce the hybrid progeny (F1). During
the inbreeding process in maize, the vigor of the lines decreases. Vigor is restored
when two different inbred lines are crossed to produce the hybrid progeny (F1).
An important consequence of the homozygosity and homogeneity of the inbred lines
is that the hybrid created by crossing a defined pair of inbreds will always be
the same. Once the inbreds that create a superior hybrid have been identified,
a continual supply of the hybrid seed can be produced using these inbred parents
and the hybrid corn plants can then be generated from this hybrid seed supply.
Large scale commercial maize hybrid production, as it is practiced today, requires
the use of some form of male sterility system which controls or inactivates male
fertility. A reliable method of controlling male fertility in plants also offers
the opportunity for improved plant breeding. This is especially true for development
of maize hybrids, which relies upon some sort of male sterility system. There are
several options for controlling male fertility available to breeders, such as:
manual or mechanical emasculation (or detasseling), cytoplasmic male sterility,
genetic male sterility, gametocides and the like.
Hybrid maize seed is typically produced by a male sterility system incorporating
manual or mechanical detasseling. Alternate strips of two inbred varieties of maize
are planted in a field, and the pollen-bearing tassels are removed from one of
the inbreds (female) prior to pollen shed. Providing that there is sufficient isolation
from sources of foreign maize pollen, the ears of the detasseled inbred will be
fertilized only from the other inbred (male), and the resulting seed is therefore
hybrid and will form hybrid plants.
The laborious, and occasionally unreliable, detasseling process can be avoided
by using cytoplasmic male-sterile (CMS) inbreds. Plants of a CMS inbred are male
sterile as a result of factors resulting from the cytoplasmic, as opposed to the
nuclear, genome. Thus, this characteristic is inherited exclusively through the
female parent in maize plants, since only the female provides cytoplasm to the
fertilized seed. CMS plants are fertilized with pollen from another inbred that
is not male sterile. Pollen from the second inbred may or may not contribute genes
that make the hybrid plants male-fertile. Usually seed from detasseled fertile
maize and CMS produced seed of the same hybrid are blended to insure that adequate
pollen loads are available for fertilization when the hybrid plants are grown.
There are several methods of conferring genetic male sterility available, such
as multiple mutant genes at separate locations within the genome that confer male
sterility, as disclosed In U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,654,465 and 4,727,219 to Brar et al.
and chromosomal translocations as described by Patterson in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,861,709
and 3,710,511. These and all patents referred to are incorporated by reference.
In addition to these methods, Albertsen et al., of Pioneer Hi-Bred, U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 5,432,068, have developed a system of nuclear male sterility
which includes: identifying a gene which is critical to male fertility; silencing
this native gene which is critical to male fertility; removing the native promoter
from the essential male fertility gene and replacing it with an inducible promoter;
inserting this genetically engineered gene back into the plant; and thus creating
a plant that is male sterile because the inducible promoter is not "on" resulting
in the male fertility gene not being transcribed. Fertility is restored by inducing,
or turning "on", the promoter, which in turn allows the gene that confers male
fertility to be transcribed.
There are many other methods of conferring genetic male sterility in the art,
each with its own benefits and drawbacks. These methods use a variety of approaches
such as delivering into the plant a gene encoding a cytotoxic substance associated
with a male tissue specific promoter or an antisense system in which a gene critical
to fertility is identified and an antisense to that gene is inserted in the plant
(see: Fabinjanski, et al. EPO 89/3010153.8 publication no. 329,308 and PCT application
PCT/CA90/00037 published as WO 90/08828).
Another system useful in controlling male sterility makes use of gametocides.
Gametocides are not a genetic system, but rather a topical application of chemicals.
These chemicals affect cells that are critical to male fertility. The application
of these chemicals affects fertility in the plants only for the growing season
in which the gametocide is applied (see Carlson, Glenn R., U.S. Pat. No.: 4,936,904).
Application of the gametocide, timing of the application and genotype specificity
often limit the usefulness of the approach.
The use of male sterile inbreds is but one factor in the production of maize
hybrids. The development of maize hybrids in a maize plant breeding program requires,
in general, the development of homozygous inbred lines, the crossing of these lines,
and the evaluation of the crosses. Maize plant breeding programs combine the genetic
backgrounds from two or more inbred lines or various other broad-based sources
Into. breeding pools from which new inbred lines are developed by selfing and selection
of desired phenotypes. Hybrids also can be used as a source of plant breeding material
or as source populations from which to develop or derive new maize lines. Plant
breeding techniques known in the art and used in a maize plant breeding program
include, but are not limited to, recurrent selection backcrossing, pedigree breeding,
restriction length polymorphism enhanced selection, genetic marker enhanced selection
and transformation. The inbred lines derived from hybrids can be developed using
said methods of breeding such as pedigree breeding and recurrent selection. New
inbreds are crossed with other inbred lines and the hybrids from these crosses
are evaluated to determine which of those have commercial potential.
Recurrent selection breeding, backcrossing for example, can be used to
improve inbred lines and a hybrid which is made using those inbreds. Backcrossing
can be used to transfer a specific desirable trait from one inbred or source to
an inbred that lacks that trait. This can be accomplished, for example, by first
crossing a superior inbred (recurrent parent) to a donor inbred (non-recurrent
parent), that carries the appropriate gene(s) for the trait in question. The progeny
of this cross is then mated back to the superior recurrent parent followed by selection
in the resultant progeny for the desired trait to be transferred from the non-recurrent
parent. After five or more backcross generations with selection for the desired
trait and for the germnplasm inherited from the recurrent parent, the progeny will
be homozygous for loci controlling the characteristic being transferred, but will
be like the superior parent for essentially all other genes. The last backcross
generation is then selfed to give pure breeding progeny for the gene(s) being transferred.
A hybrid developed from inbreds containing the transferred gene(s) is essentially
the same as a hybrid developed from the same inbreds without the transferred gene(s).
Another increasingly popular form of commercial hybrid production involves
the use of a mixture of male sterile hybrid seed and male pollinator seed. When
planted, the resulting male sterile hybrid plants are pollinated by the pollinator
plants. This method is primarily used to produce grain with enhanced quality grain
traits, such as high oil, because desired quality grain traits expressed in the
pollinator will also be expressed in the grain produced on the male sterile hybrid
plant. In this method the desired quality grain trait does not have to be incorporated
by lengthy procedures such as recurrent backcross selection into an inbred parent
line. One use of this method is described U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,704,160 and 5,706,603.
There are many important factors to be considered in the art of plant breeding,
such as the ability to recognize important morphological and physiological characteristics,
the ability to design evaluation techniques for genotypic and phenotypic traits
of interest, and the ability to search out and exploit the genes for the desired
traits in new or improved combinations.
The objective of commercial maize hybrid line development resulting from a maize
plant breeding program is to develop new inbred lines to produce hybrids that combine
to produce high grain yields and superior agronomic performance. The primary trait
breeders seek is yield. However, many other major agronomic traits are of importance
in hybrid combination and have an impact on yield or otherwise provide superior
performance in hybrid combinations. Such traits include percent grain moisture
at harvest, relative maturity, resistance to stalk breakage, resistance to root
lodging, grain quality, and disease and insect resistance. In addition, the lines
per se must have acceptable performance for parental traits such as seed yields,
kernel sizes, pollen production, all of which affect ability to provide parental
lines in sufficient quantity and quality for hybridization. These traits have been
shown to be under genetic control and many if not all of the traits are affected
by multiple genes.
Pedigree Breeding
The pedigree method of breeding is the mostly widely used methodology for new
hybrid line development.
In general terms this procedure consists of crossing two inbred lines to produce
the non-segregating F1 generation, and self pollination of the F1 generation to
produce the F2 generation that segregates for all factors for which the inbred
parents differ. An example of this process is set forth below. Variations of this
generalized pedigree method are used, but all these variations produce a segregating
generation which contains a range of variation for the traits of interest.
EXAMPLE 1
Hypothetical Example of Pedigree Breeding Program
Consider a cross between two inbred lines that differ for alleles at six loci.
The parental genotypes are:
| |
| |
Parent 1 |
AbCdeF/AbCdeF |
| |
Parent 2 |
aBcDEf/aBcDEf |
| |
the F1 from a cross between these two parents is:
Selfing F1 will produce an F2 generation including the following genotypes:
- ABcDEf/abCdeF
- ABcDef/abCdEF
- ABcDef/abCdeF
The number of genotypes in the F2 is 36 for six segregating loci (729) and will
produce (26)-2 possible new inbreds, (62 for six segregating loci).
Each inbred parent which is used in breeding crosses represents a unique combination
of genes, and the combined effects of the genes define the performance of the inbred
and its performance in hybrid combination. There is published evidence (Smith,
O. S., J. S. C. Smith, S. L. Bowen, R. A. Tenborg and S. J. Wall,
TAG 80:833840
(1990)) that each of the lines are different and can be uniquely identified on
the basis of genetically-controlled molecular markers.
It has been shown (Hallauer, Amel R. and Miranda, J. B. Of.
Quantitative Genetics
in Maize Breeding, Iowa State University Press, Ames Iowa, 1981) that most
traits of economic value in maize are under the genetic control of multiple genetic
loci, and that there are a large number of unique combinations of these genes present
in elite maize germplasm. If not, genetic progress using elite inbred lines would
no longer be possible. Studies by Duvick and Russell (Duvick, D. N.,
Mavdica
37:69-79, (1992); Russell, W. A.,
Maydica XXIX:375-390 (1983)) have
shown that over the last 50 years the rate of genetic progress in commercial hybrids
has been between one and two percent per year.
The number of genes affecting the trait of primary economic importance in maize,
grain yield, has been estimated to be in the range of 10-1000. Inbred lines which
are used as parents for breeding crosses differ in the number and combination of
these genes. These factors make the plant breeder's task more difficult. Compounding
this is evidence that no one line contains the favorable allele at all loci, and
that different alleles have different economic values depending on the genetic
background and field environment in which the hybrid is grown. Fifty years of breeding
experience suggests that there are many genes affecting grain yield and each of
these has a relatively small effect on this trait. The effects are small compared
to breeders' ability to measure grain yield differences in evaluation trials. Therefore,
the parents of the breeding cross must lit differ at several of these loci so that
the genetic differences in the progeny will be large enough that breeders can develop
a line that increases the economic worth of its hybrids over that of hybrids made
with either parent.
If the number of loci segregating in a cross between two inbred lines is n, the
number of unique genotypes in the F2 generation is 3n and the number of unique
inbred lines from this cross is {(2n)-2}. Only a very limited number of these combinations
are useful. Only about 1 in 10,000 of the progeny from F2's are commercially useful.
By way of example, if it is assumed that the number of segregating loci in F-2
is somewhere between 20 and 50, and that each parent is fixed for half the favorable
alleles, it is then possible to calculate the approximate probabilities of finding
an inbred that has the favorable allele at {(n/2)+m} loci, where n/2 is the number
of favorable alleles in each of the parents and m is the number of additional favorable
alleles in the new inbred. See Example 2 below. The number m is assumed to be greater
than three because each allele has so small an effect that evaluation techniques
are not sensitive enough to detect differences due to three or less favorable alleles.
The probabilities in Example 2 are on the order of 10-5 or smaller and they are
the probabilities that at least one genotype with (n/2)=m favorable alleles will exist.
To put this in perspective, the number of plants grown on 60 million acres (approximate
United States corn acreage) at 25,000 plants/acre is 1.5×1012.
EXAMPLE 2
Probability of Finding an Inbred with m of n Favorable Alleles
Assume each parent has n/2 of the favorable alleles and only ½ of the
combinations of loci are economically useful.
| No. of |
No. of favorable |
No. additional |
|
| segregating |
alleles in Parents |
favorable alleles |
Probability that |
| loci (n) |
(n/2) |
in new inbred |
genotype occurs* |
| 20 |
10 |
14 |
3 × 10-5 |
| 24 |
12 |
16 |
2 × 10-5 |
| 28 |
14 |
18 |
1 × 10-5 |
| 32 |
16 |
20 |
8 × 10-6 |
| 36 |
18 |
22 |
5 × 10-6 |
| 40 |
20 |
24 |
3 × 10-6 |
| 44 |
22 |
26 |
2 × 10-6 |
| 48 |
24 |
28 |
1 × 10-6 |
| *Probability that a useful combination exists, does not include the probability
of identifying this combination if it does exist. |
The possibility of having a usably high probability of being able to identify
this genotype based on replicated field testing would be most likely smaller than
this, and is a function of how large a population of genotypes is tested and how
testing resources are allocated in the testing program.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to the invention, there is provided a hybrid maize plant designated
as X1069G, produced by crossing two Pioneer Hi-Bred International., Inc. proprietary
inbred maize lines GE535769 and GE515721. These lines, deposited with the American
Type Culture Collection, (ATCC), Manassas, Va. 20110, have accession number PTA-5522
for G535769 and accession number PTA-1306 for GE515721. This invention thus relates
to the hybrid seed X1069G, the hybrid plant produced from the seed, and variants,
mutants and trivial modifications of hybrid X1069G. This invention also relates
to methods for producing a maize plant containing in its genetic material one or
more transgenes and to the transgenic maize plants produced by that method. This
invention further relates to methods for producing maize lines derived from hybrid
maize line X1069G and to the maize lines derived by the use of those methods. This
hybrid maize plant is characterized by outstanding yield potential with solid agronomic
strengths and a good disease resistance package that provides a broad area of adaptation.
DEFINITIONS
In the description and examples that follow, a number of terms are used herein.
In order to provide a clear and consistent understanding of the specification and
claims, including the scope to be given such terms, the following definitions are
provided. NOTE: ABS is in absolute terms and %MN is percent of the mean for the
experiments in which the inbred or hybrid was grown. These designators will follow
the descriptors to denote how the values are to be Interpreted. Below are the descriptors
used in the data tables included herein.
ABTSTK=ARTIFICIAL BRITTLE STALK. A count of the number of "snapped"
plants per plot following machine snapping. A snapped plant has its stalk completely
snapped at a node between the base of the plant and the node above the ear. Expressed
as percent of plants that did not snap.
ADF=PERCENT ACID DETERGENT FIBER. The percent of dry matter that is acid
detergent fiber in chopped whole plant forage.
ANT ROT=ANTHRACNOSE STALK ROT (
Colletotrichum graminicola). A 1 to 9 visual
rating indicating the resistance to Anthracnose Stalk Rot. A higher score indicates
a higher resistance.
BAR PLT=BARREN PLANTS. The percent of plants per plot that were not barren (lack ears).
BRT STK=BRITTLE STALKS. This is a measure of the stalk breakage near the time
of pollination, and is an indication of whether a hybrid or inbred would snap or
break near the time of flowering under severe winds. Data are presented as percentage
of plants that did not snap in paired comparisons and on a 1 to 9 scale (9=highest
resistance) in Characteristics Charts.
BU ACR=YIELD (BUSHELS/ACRE). Yield of the grain at harvest in bushels per acre
adjusted to 15.5% moisture.
CLN=CORN LETHAL NECROSIS (synergistic interaction of maize chlorotic mottle
virus (MCMV) in combination with either maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV-A or MDMV-B)
or wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV)). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance
to Corn Lethal Necrosis. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.
CP=PERCENT OF CRUDE PROTEIN. The percent of dry matter that is crude protein
in chopped whole plant forage.
COM RST=COMMON RUST (
Puccinia sorghi). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating
the resistance to Common Rust. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.
CRM=COMPARATIVE RELATIVE MATURITY (see PRM).
CRN ERW=CORN EARWORM EAR DAMAGE SCORE. Score of ears that have been fed upon
by corn earworm larvae approximately 2 weeks prior to harvest. Expressed as 1 to
9 score with 9 being no damage.
D/D=DRYDOWN. This represents the relative rate at which a hybrid will
reach acceptable harvest moisture compared to other hybrids on a 1-9 rating scale.
A high score indicates a hybrid that dries relatively fast while a low score indicates
a hybrid that dries slowly.
D/E or EAR RET=DROPPED EARS or EAR RETENTION SCORE. Represented in a 1 to 9 scale
in the Characteristics Chart, where 9 is the rating representing the least, or
no, dropped ears.
DIP ERS=DIPLODIA EAR MOLD SCORES (
Diplodia maydis and
Diplodia macrospora).
A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Diplodia Ear Mold. A higher
score indicates a higher resistance.
DIPROT=DIPLODIA STALK ROT SCORE. Score of stalk rot severity due
to Diplodia (
Diplodia maydis). Expressed as a 1 to 9 score with 9 being
highly resistant.
DM=PERCENT OF DRY MATTER. The percent of dry material in chopped whole
plant silage.
DRP EAR=DROPPED EARS. A measure of the number of dropped ears per plot and represents
the percentage of plants that did not drop ears prior to harvest.
D/T=DROUGHT TOLERANCE. This represents a 1-9 rating for drought tolerance,
and is based on data obtained under stress conditions. A high score indicates good
drought tolerance and a low score indicates poor drought tolerance.
EAR HT=EAR HEIGHT. The ear height is a measure from the ground to the highest
placed developed ear node attachment and is measured in inches. This is represented
in a 1 to 9 scale in the Characteristics Chart, where 9 is highest.
EAR MLD=General Ear Mold. Visual rating (1-9 score) where a "1" is very susceptible
and a "9" is very resistant. This is based on overall rating for ear mold of mature
ears without determining the specific mold organism, and may not be predictive
for a specific ear mold.
EAR SZ=EAR SIZE. A 1 to 9 visual rating of ear size. The higher the rating the
larger the ear size.
EBTSTK=EARLY BRITTLE STALK. A count of the number of "snapped" plants
per plot following severe winds when the corn plant is experiencing very rapid
vegetative growth in the V5-V8 stage. Expressed as percent of plants that did not snap.
ECB 1LF=EUROPEAN CORN BORER FIRST GENERATION LEAF FEEDING (
Ostrinia nubilalis).
A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to preflowering leaf feeding by
first generation European Corn Borer. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.
ECB 2IT=EUROPEAN CORN BORER SECOND GENERATION INCHES OF TUNNELING (
Ostrinia
nubilias). Average inches of tunneling per plant in the stalk.
ECB 2SC=EUROPEAN CORN BORER SECOND GENERATION (
Ostrinia nubilalis). A
1 to 9 visual rating indicating post flowering degree of stalk breakage and other
evidence of feeding by European Corn Borer, Second Generation. A higher score indicates
a higher resistance.
ECB DPE=EUROPEAN CORN BORER DROPPED EARS (
Ostrinia nubilalis). Dropped
ears due to European Corn Borer. Percentage of plants that did not drop ears under
second generation corn borer infestation.
E/G=EARLY GROWTH. This represents a 1 to 9 rating for early growth, scored
when two leaf collars are visible.
EGRWTH=EARLY GROWTH. The relative height and size of a corn seedling
at the 2-4 leaf stage of growth. This is a visual rating (1 to 9), with 1 being
weak or slow growth, 5 being average growth and 9 being strong growth. Taller plants
, wider leaves, more green mass and darker color constitute higher scores.
ERTLDG=EARLY ROOT LODGING. Count for severity of plants that lean from
a vertical axis at an approximate 30 degree angle or greater which typically results
from strong winds prior to or around flowering recorded within 2 weeks of a wind
event. Expressed as percent of plants not lodged.
ERTLSC=EARLY ROOT LODGING SCORE. Score for severity of plants that lean
from a vertical axis at an approximate 30 degree angle or greater which typically
results from strong winds prior to or around flowering recorded within 2 weeks
of a wind event. Expressed as a 1 to 9 score with 9 being no lodging.
EST CNT=EARLY STAND COUNT. This is a measure of the stand establishment in the
spring and represents the number of plants that emerge on per plot basis for the
inbred or hybrid.
EYE SPT=Eye Spot (
Kabatiella zeae or
Aureobasidium zeae). A 1 to
9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Eye Spot A higher score indicates
a higher resistance.
FALL AW=FALL ARMYWORM EAR DAMAGE SCORE. Score of ears that have been fed upon
by fall armyworm larvae. Expressed as a i to 9 score with 9 being no damage.
FUS ERS=FUSARIUM EAR ROT SCORE (
Fusarium moniliforme or
Fusarium subglutinans).
A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Fusarium ear rot. A higher
score indicates a higher resistance.
G/A=GRAIN APPEARANCE. Appearance of grain in the grain tank (scored down
for mold, cracks, red streak, etc.).
GDU=Growing Degree Units. Using the Barger Heat Unit Theory, that assumes
that maize growth occurs in the temperature range 50° F.-86° F. and that
temperatures outside this range slow down growth; the maximum daily heat unit accumulation
is 36 and the minimum daily heat unit accumulation is 0. The seasonal accumulation
of GDU is a major factor in determining maturity zones.
GDU PHY=GDU TO PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY. The number of growing degree units required
for an inbred or hybrid line to have approximately 50 percent of plants at physiological
maturity from time of planting. Growing degree units are calculated by the Barger method.
GDU SHD=GDU TO SHED. The number of growing degree units (GDUs) or heat units
required for an inbred line or hybrid to have approximately 50 percent of the plants
shedding pollen and is measured from the time of planting. Growing degree units
are calculated by the Barger Method, where the heat units for a 24hour period are:
##EQU1##
The highest maximum temperature used is 86° F. and the lowest minimum temperature
used is 50° F. For each inbred or hybrid it takes a certain number of GDUs
to reach various stages of plant development.
GDU SLK=GDU TO SLK. The number of growing degree units required for an inbred
line or hybrid to have approximately 50 percent of the plants with silk emergence
from time of planting. Growing degree units are calculated by the Barger Method
as given in GDU SHD definition.
GIB ERS=GIBBERELLA EAR ROT (PINK MOLD) (
Gibberella zaea). A 1 to 9 visual
rating indicating the resistance to Gibberella Ear Rot. A higher score indicates
a higher resistance.
GIBROT=GIBBERELLA STALK ROT SCORE. Score of stalk rot severity
due to Gibberella (
Gibberella zaea). Expressed as a 1 to 9 score with 9
being highly resistant.
GLF SPT=Gray Leaf Spot (
Cercospora zeae-
maydis). A 1 to 9 visual
rating indicating the resistance to Gray Leaf Spot. A higher score indicates a
higher resistance.
GOS WLT=Goss' Wilt (
Corynebacterium nebraskense). A 1 to 9 visual rating
indicating the resistance to Goss' Wilt. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.
GRN APP=GRAIN APPEARANCE. This is a 1 to 9 rating for the general appearance
of the shelled grain as it is harvested based on such factors as the color of harvested
grain, any mold on the grain, and any cracked grain. High scores indicate good
grain quality.
H/POP=YIELD AT HIGH DENSITY. Yield ability at relatively high plant densities
on 1-9 relative rating system with a higher number indicating the hybrid responds
well to high plant densities for yield relative to other hybrids. A 1, 5, and 9
would represent very poor, average, and very good yield response, respectively,
to increased plant density.
HC BLT=HELMINTHOSPORIUM CARBONUM LEAF BLIGHT (
Helminthosporium carbonum).
A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Helminthosporium infection.
A higher score indicates a higher resistance.
HD SMT=Head Smut (
Sphacelotheca reiliana). This score indicates the percentage
of plants not infected.
INC D/A=GROSS INCOME (DOLLARS PER ACRE). Relative income per acre assuming drying
costs of two cents per point above 15.5 percent harvest moisture and current market
price per bushel.
INCOME/ACRE. Income advantage of hybrid to be patented over other hybrid
on per acre basis.
INC ADV=GROSS INCOME ADVANTAGE. GROSS INCOME advantage of variety #1 over variety #2.
LRTLDG=LATE ROOT LODGING. Count for severity of plants that lean from
a vertical axis at an approximate 30 degree angle or greater which typically results
from strong winds after flowering. Recorded prior to harvest when a root-lodging
event has occurred. This lodging results in plants that are leaned or "lodged"
over at the base of the plant and do not straighten or "goose-neck" back to a vertical
position. Expressed as percent of plants not lodged.
LRTLSC=LATE ROOT LODGING SCORE. Score for severity of plants that lean
from a vertical axis at an approximate 30 degree angle or greater which typically
results from strong winds after flowering. Recorded prior to harvest when a root-lodging
event has occurred. This lodging results in plants that are leaned or "lodged"
over at the base of the plant and do not straighten or "goose-neck" back to a vertical
position. Expressed as a 1 to 9 score with 9 being no lodging.
L/POP=YIELD AT LOW DENSITY. Yield ability at relatively low plant densities
on a 1-9 relative system with a higher number indicating the hybrid responds well
to low plant densities for yield relative to other hybrids. A 1, 5, and 9 would
represent very poor, average, and very good yield response, respectively, to low
plant density.
MDM CPX=Maize Dwarf Mosaic Complex (MDMV=Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus and MCDV=Maize
Chlorotic Dwarf Virus). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Maize
Dwarf Mosaic Complex. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. MST=HARVEST
MOISTURE. T he moisture is the actual percentage moisture of the grain at harvest.
MST ADV=MOISTURE ADVANTAGE. The moisture advantage of variety #1 over variety
#2 as calculated by: MOISTURE of variety #2-MOISTURE of variety #1=MOISTURE ADVANTAGE
of variety #1.
NLF BLT=Northern Leaf Blight (
Helminthosporium turcicum or
Exserohilum
turcicum). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Northern Leaf
Blight. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.
OIL=GRAIN OIL. The amount of the kernel that is oil, expressed as a percentage
on a dry weight basis.
PHY CRM=CRM at physiological maturity.
PLT HT=PLANT HEIGHT. This is a measure of the height of the plant from the ground
to the tip of the tassel in inches. This is represented as a 1 to 9 scale, 9 highest,
in the Characteristics Chart.
POL SC=POLLEN SCORE. A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the amount of pollen shed.
The higher the score the more pollen shed.
POL WT=POLLEN WEIGHT. This is calculated by dry weight of tassels collected as
shedding commences minus dry weight from similar tassels harvested after shedding
is complete.
It should be understood that the inbred can, through routine manipulation of
cytoplasmic
or other factors, be produced in a male-sterile form. Such embodiments are also
contemplating, within the scope of the present claims.
POP K/A=PLANT POPULATIONS. Measured as 1000 s per acre.
POP ADV=PLANT POPULATION ADVANTAGE. The plant population advantage of variety
#1 over variety #2 as calculated by PLANT POPULATION of variety #2-PLANT POPULATION
of variety #1=PLANT POPULATION ADVANTAGE of variety #1.
PRM=PREDICTED Relative Maturity. This trait, predicted relative maturity,
is based on the harvest moisture of the grain. The relative maturity rating is
based on a known set of checks and utilizes standard linear regression analyses
and is referred to as the Comparative Relative Maturity Rating System that is similar
to the Minnesota Relative Maturity Rating System.
PRM SHD=A relative measure of the growing degree units (GDU) required to reach
50% pollen shed. Relative values are predicted values from the linear regression
of observed GDU's on relative maturity of commercial checks.
PRO=PROTEIN RATING. Rating on a 1 to 9 scale comparing relative amount
of protein in the grain compared to hybrids of similar maturity. A "1" score difference
represents a 0.4 point change in grain protein percent (e.g., 8.0% to 8.4%).
PROTEIN=GRAIN PROTEIN. The amount of the kernel that is crude protein,
expressed as a percentage on a dry weight basis.
P/Y=PROTEIN/YIELD RATING. Indicates, on a 1 to 9 scale, the economic
value of a hybrid for swine and poultry feeders. This takes into account the income
due to yield, moisture and protein content.
ROOTS (%)=Percent of stalks NOT root lodged at harvest.
R/L or R/S=ROOT LODGING or ROOT STRENGTH SCORE. A 1 to 9 rating indicating the
level of root lodging resistance. The higher score represents higher levels of resistance.
RT LDG=ROOT LODGING. Root lodging is the percentage of plants that do not root
lodge: plants that lean from the vertical axis as an approximately 30° angle
or greater would be counted as root lodged.
RTL ADV=ROOT LODGING ADVANTAGE. The root lodging advantage of variety #1 over
variety #2.
S/L or S/S=STALK LODGING or STALK STRENGTH SCORE. A 1 to 9 rating indicating
the level of stalk lodging resistance. The higher score represents higher levels
of resistance.
SCT GRN SCATTER GRAIN. A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the amount of scatter
gain (lack of pollination or kernel abortion) on the ear. The higher the score
the less scatter grain.
SEL IND=SELECTION INDEX. The selection index gives a single measure of the hybrid's
worth based on information for up to five traits. A maize breeder may utilize his
or her own set of traits for the selection index. One of the traits that is almost
always included is yield. The selection index data presented in the tables represent
the mean value averaged across testing stations.
SIL DMP=SILAGE DRY MATTER. The percent of dry material in chopped whole plant silage.
SLF BLT=SOUTHERN LEAF BLIGHT (
Helminthosporium maydis or
Bipolaris
maydis). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Southern Leaf
Blight. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.
SLK CRM=CRM at Silking.
SOU RST=SOUTHERN RUST (
Puccinia polysora). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating
the resistance to Southern Rust. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.
STA GRN=STAY GREEN. Stay green is the measure of plant health near the time of
black layer formation (physiological maturity). A high score indicates better late-season
plant health.
STAND (%)=Percent of stalks standing at harvest.
STARCH=PERCENT OF STARCH. The percent of dry matter that is starch
in chopped whole plant forage.
STD ADV=STALK STANDING ADVANTAGE. The advantage of variety #1 over variety #2
for the trait STK CNT.
STK CNT=NUMBER OF PLANTS. This is the final stand or number of plants per plot.
STK LDG=STALK LODGING. This is the percentage of plants that did not stalk lodge
(stalk breakage) as measured by either natural lodging or pushing the stalks and
determining the percentage of plants that break below the ear.
STKLDL=LATE SEASON STALK LODGING. A plant is considered as stalk lodged
if the stalk is broken or crimped between the ear and the ground. This can be caused
by any or a combination of the following: strong winds late in the season, disease
pressure within the stalks, ECB damage or genetically weak stalks. This trait should
be taken when the grain moisture content of the experiment is between 15% to 18%.
Expressed as percent of plants that did not stalk lodge.
STKLDS=REGULAR STALK LODGING SCORE. A plant is considered as stalk
lodged if the stalk is broken or crimped between the ear and the ground. This can
be caused by any or a combination of the following: strong winds late in the season,
disease pressure within the stalks, ECB damage or genetically weak stalks. This
trait should be taken just prior to or at harvest. Expressed on a 1 to 9 scale
with 9 being no lodging.
STR RWH=PERCENT OF STARCH. This is the percent of dry matter that is starch in
chopped whole plant forage as predicted by Near Infrared Spectroscopy.
STW WLT=Stewart's Wilt (
Erwinia stewartii). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating
the resistance to Stewart's Wilt. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.
SW C/B=SOUTHWESTERN CORN BORER DAMAGE SCORE. Score of plants that have been girdled
(hollowed out) at the base by SWCB feeding. The score is based on the count of
plants that break as measured against the STKCNT just prior to harvest. Expressed
as 1 to 9 score with 9 being no damage.
TAS BLS=TASSEL BLAST. A 1 to 9 visual rating was used to measure the degree of
blasting (necrosis due to heat stress) of the tassel at the time of flowering.
A 1 would indicate a very high level of blasting at time of flowering, while a
9 would have no tassel blasting.
TAS SZ=TASSEL SIZE. A 1 to 9 visual rating was used to indicate the relative
size of the tassel. The higher the rating the larger the tassel.
TAS WT=TASSEL WEIGHT. This is the average weight of a tassel (grams) just prior
to pollen shed.
TDM/HA=TOTAL DRY MATTER PER HECTARE. Yield of total dry plant material
in metric to ns per hectare.
TEX EAR=EAR TEXTURE. A 1 to 9 visual rating was used to indicate the relative
hardness (smoothness of crown) of mature grain. A 1 would be very soft (extreme
dent) while a 9 would be very hard (flinty or very smooth crown).
TIL LER=TILLERS. A count of the number of tillers per plot that could possibly
shed pollen was taken. Data are given as a percentage of tillers: number of tillers
per plot divided by number of plants per plot.
TST WT (CHARACTERISTICS CHART)=Test weight on a 1 to 9 rating scale with a 9
being the highest rating.
TST WT=TEST WEIGHT (UNADJUSTED). The measure of the weight of the grain in pounds
for a given volume (bushel).
TST WTA=TEST WEIGHT ADJUSTED. The measure of the weight of the grain in pounds
for a given volume (bushel) adjusted for 15.5 percent moisture.
TSW ADV=TEST WEIGHT ADVANTAGE. The test weight advantage of variety #1 over variety #2.
WIN M % PERCENT MOISTURE WINS.
WIN Y %=PERCENT YIELD WINS.
YIELD=YIELD OF SILAGE. Yield in tons per acre at 30% dry matter.
YLD=YIELD. It is the same as BU ACR ABS.
YLD ADV=YIELD ADVANTAGE. The yield advantage of variety #1 over variety #2 as
calculated by: YIELD of variety #1-YIELD variety #2=yield advantage of variety #1.
YLD SC=YIELD SCORE. A 1 to 9 visual rating was used to give a relative rating
for yield based on plot ear piles. The higher the rating the greater visual yield appearance.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Pioneer Brand Hybrid X1069G has excellent yield potential. The hybrid shows
good stalk and root lodging resistance. Hybrid X1069G also exhibits good early
growth, stay green and test weight. X1069G further demonstrates very good dry down,
ear retention and husk cover, and dependable drought stress tolerance. Hybrid X1069G
demonstrates a good disease resistance package with moderate resistance to Gray
Leaf Spot, Northern Leaf Blight, Eye Spot, Fusarium Ear Rot, Gibberella Ear Rot,
and Common Rust, excellent resistance to head smut, and moderate resistance to
European Corn Borer first and second generation. It is particularly suited to the
Central Corn Belt, Northwest, Northcentral, Northeastern, and Western regions of
the United States.
Pioneer Brand Hybrid X1069G is a single cross, yellow endosperm, dent maize
hybrid. Hybrid X1069G has a relative maturity of approximately 105 (106 for physiological
maturity) based on the Comparative Relative Maturity Rating System for harvest
moisture of grain.
This hybrid has the following characteristics based on the data collected primarily
at Johnston, Iowa.
| TABLE 1 |
| |
| VARIETY DESCRIPTION INFORMATION |
| VARIETY = X1069G |
| |
| |
| 1. TYPE: (describe intermediate types in Commerts section): |
| 2 |
1 = Sweet 2 = Dent 3 = Flint 4 = Flour 5 = Pop 6 = Ornamental |
| 065 |
1,225.0 |
From emergence to 50% of plants in silk |
| 069 |
1,294.0 |
From emergence to 50% of plants in pollen |
| 005 |
0,113.3 |
From 10% to 90% pollen shed |
| |
|
From 50% silk to harvest at 25% moisture |
| 3. PLANT: |
Standard |
Sample |
| |
Deviation |
Size |
| 0,274.2 |
cm |
Plant Height (to tassel tip) |
3.51 |
15 |
| 0,109.3 |
cm |
Ear Height (to base of top ear node) |
6.66 |
15 |
| 0,019.3 |
cm |
Length of Top Ear Internode |
1.29 |
15 |
| 0.0 |
|
Average Number of Tillers |
0.00 |
3 |
| 1.0 |
|
Average Number of Ears per Stalk |
0.07 |
3 |
| 2.0 |
|
Anthocyanin of Brace Roots: 1 = Absent 2 = Faint 3 = Moderate 4 = Dark 5 = Very Dark |
| 4. LEAF: |
Standard |
Sample |
| |
Deviation |
Size |
| 011.3 |
cm |
Width of Ear Node Leaf |
0.99 |
15 |
| 098.3 |
cm |
Length of Ear Node Leaf |
1.81 |
15 |
| 06.5 |
|
Number of leaves above top ear |
0.42 |
15 |
| 018.5 |
|
Degrees Leaf Angle (measure from 2nd leaf above |
5.00 |
15 |
| |
|
ear at anthesis to stalk above leaf) |
| 03 |
|
Leaf Color |
Dark Green |
(Munsell code) |
7.5GY34 |
| 1.3 |
|
Leaf Sheath Pubescence (Rate on scale from 1 = none to 9 = like peach fuzz) |
| |
|
Marginal Waves (Rate on scale from 1 = none to 9 = many) |
| |
|
Longitudinal Creases (Rate on scale from 1 = none to 9 = many) |
| 5. TASSEL: |
Standard |
Sample |
| |
Deviation |
Size |
| 04.1 |
|
Number of Primary Lateral Branches |
1.17 |
15 |
| 019.6 |
|
Branch Angle from Central Spike |
3.12 |
15 |
| 62.3 |
cm |
Tassel Length (from top leaf collar to tassel tip) |
3.00 |
15 |
| 4.7 |
|
Pollen Shed (rate on scale from 0 = male sterile to 9 = heavy shed) |
| 07 |
|
Anther Color |
Yellow |
(Munsell code) |
7.5Y8.56 |
| 01 |
|
Glume Color |
Light Green |
(Munsell code) |
5GY58 |
| 1.0 |
|
Bar Glumes (Glume Bands); 1 = Absent 2 = Present |
| 20 |
cm |
Peduncle Length (cm. from top leaf to basal branches) |
| 1 |
Silk color (3 days after emergence) |
Light Green |
(Munsell code) |
2.5GY89 |
| 3 |
Fresh Husk Color (25 days after 50% Silking) |
Dark Green |
(Munsell code) |
5GY56 |
| 21 |
Dry Husk Color (65 days after 50% silking) |
Buff |
(Munsell code) |
2.5Y92 |
