Title: Means and method for constructing a fully precast top arch overfilled system
Abstract: The top arch overfilled system defined in application Ser. No. 10/102,921 is formed of precast arch elements which are formed and shipped in a use orientation. The precast arch elements can include arch footings and the system can include a plurality of precast arch elements which can be tied together. The arch elements can also be prestressed.
Patent Number: 6,988,337 Issued on 01/24/2006 to Heierli
| Inventors:
|
Heierli; Werner (Zurich, CH)
|
| Assignee:
|
BEBOTech Corporation (Middletown, OH)
|
| Appl. No.:
|
338906 |
| Filed:
|
January 9, 2003 |
| Current U.S. Class: |
52/86; 405/134; 405/151; 52/88; 52/89 |
| Current Intern'l Class: |
E04B 1/32 (20060101) |
| Field of Search: |
52/87,86,263,88,89,169.9,294,299,295,604,586.1
405/125,124,134,135,151,150.1,287.1,146,153
14/24,695,25,26
403/292,293,296
|
References Cited [Referenced By]
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| 3750407 | Aug., 1973 | Heierli et al.
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| 3999394 | Dec., 1976 | Eberhardt et al.
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| 4221502 | Sep., 1980 | Tanikawa.
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| 4300320 | Nov., 1981 | Rooney.
| |
| 4458457 | Jul., 1984 | Heierli.
| |
| 4490950 | Jan., 1985 | Heierli.
| |
| 4537529 | Aug., 1985 | FitzSimmons.
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| 4558969 | Dec., 1985 | FitzSimmons.
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| 4587684 | May., 1986 | Miller.
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| 4595314 | Jun., 1986 | Lockwood.
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| 4687371 | Aug., 1987 | Lockwood.
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| 4695187 | Sep., 1987 | Mikhailovsky et al.
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| 4704754 | Nov., 1987 | Bonasso.
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| 4745713 | May., 1988 | Gotoh.
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| 4797030 | Jan., 1989 | Lockwood.
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| 4854775 | Aug., 1989 | Lockwood.
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| 4993872 | Feb., 1991 | Lockwood.
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| 5281053 | Jan., 1994 | Matiere.
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| 5439319 | Aug., 1995 | Flanagan et al.
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| 5836717 | Nov., 1998 | Bernini.
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| D406902 | Mar., 1999 | Lockwood.
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| 6161342 | Dec., 2000 | Barbier et al.
| |
| 6243994 | Jun., 2001 | Bernini.
| |
| 6434892 | Aug., 2002 | Heierli.
| |
| 6460213 | Oct., 2002 | Flint et al.
| |
| 6719492 | Apr., 2004 | Heierli.
| |
| Foreign Patent Documents |
| 395894 | Mar., 1993 | AT.
| |
| 0393197 | Oct., 1990 | EP.
| |
| 07003826 | Jun., 1995 | JP.
| |
| AT 397981 | Aug., 1994 | NL.
| |
| 9300550 | Oct., 1994 | NL.
| |
Primary Examiner: Friedman; Carl D.
Assistant Examiner: Nguyen; Chi Q.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Thompson Hine LLP
Parent Case Text
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
The present application is a continuation-in-part application of Ser. No. 10/102,921
filed by the same inventor on Mar. 22, 2002 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,719,492, and assigned
to the same assignee. The disclosure of the 10/102,921 document is fully incorporated
herein by reference. This application also claims priority based on Ser. No. 10/131,526
filed on Apr. 25, 2002, and the disclosure of the application Ser. No. 10/131,526
is also fully incorporated herein by reference.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An arch support system comprising:
A) a first selected area having side edges;
B) a second selected area spaced above said first selected area and extending
beyond a vertical projection of side edges of said first selected area;
C) an arch structure located between said first selected area and said second
selected area;
D) said arch structure including a sidewall adjacent to each side edge of said
first selected area, and a precast arch element spanning said first selected area,
said precast arch element being located beneath said second selected area;
E) each of the sidewalls of said arch structure having a bottom end located adjacent
to said first selected area and a top end spaced above said first selected area;
F) said precast arch element of said arch structure having an end positioned
adjacent to an upper end of each sidewall of said arch structure;
G) a foundation block positioned near and behind each sidewall of said arch structure,
each foundation block supporting one of the ends of the arch element of said arch
structure, said foundation block comprising soil; and
H) an arch footing associated with said precast arch element.
2. The arch support system defined in claim 1 wherein said arch footing is unitary
and monolithic with said precast arch element.
3. An arch support system comprising:
A) a first selected area having side edges;
B) a second selected area spaced above said first selected area and extending
beyond a vertical projection of side edges of said first selected area;
C) an arch structure located between said first selected area and said second
selected area;
D) said arch structure including a sidewall adjacent to each side edge of said
first selected area, and a plurality of precast arch elements spanning said first
selected area and being located adjacent to each other and located beneath said
second selected area;
E) each of the sidewalls of said arch structure having a bottom end located adjacent
to said first selected area and a top end spaced above said first selected area;
F) said precast arch element of said arch structure having an end positioned
adjacent to an upper end of each sidewall of said arch structure;
G) a foundation block positioned near and behind each sidewall of said arch structure,
each foundation block supporting one of the ends of the arch element or said arch
structure, said foundation block comprising soil; and
H) arch footings associated with each of said precast arch elements.
4. The arch support system defined in claim 3 further including a tie element
connecting adjacent arch elements together.
5. The arch support system defined in claim 4 wherein said tie element includes
a sheath.
6. The arch support system defined in claim 5 wherein said tie element further
includes grout located in said sheath.
7. The arch support system defined in claim 4 wherein said tie element includes
a dowel rod.
8. The arch support system defined in claim 4 wherein said tie element further
includes a tie rod.
9. The arch support system defined in claim 4 further including a hole defined
in each arch element.
10. The arch support system defied in claim 9 further including a spacer element
in said hole defined in each arch element.
11. An arch support system comprising:
A) a first selected area having side edges;
B) a second selected area spaced above said first selected area and extending
beyond a vertical projection of the side edges of said first selected area;
C) an arch structure located between said second selected area and said first
selected area;
D) said arch structure including a sidewall adjacent to each side edge of said
first selected area, and a prestressed precast arch element spanning said first
selected area, said prestressed precast arch element being located beneath said
second selected area;
E) each of the sidewalls of said arch structure having a bottom end located adjacent
to said first selected area and a top end spaced above said first selected area;
F) said prestressed precast arch element of said arch structure having an end
positioned adjacent to an upper end of each sidewall of said arch structure; and
G) a foundation block positioned near and behind each sidewall of said arch structure,
each foundation block supporting one of the ends of the arch element of said arch
structure, said foundation block comprising soil.
12. The arch support system defined in claim 1 wherein said arch element is prestressed.
13. The arch support system defined in claim 8 wherein said tie rod is post-tensioned.
14. The arch support system defined in claim 3 wherein said arch elements are prestressed.
15. An arch system comprising:
A) soil material;
B) a void area in said soil material, the void area having first and second sidewalls
and a lower pathway therebetween;
C) a first precast arch element spanning said void area and having first and
second ends, each end positioned toward a respective one of the first and second
sidewalls of the void area, the first precast arch element includes first and second
spaced apart sides extending between the first and second ends, the first precast
arch element including at least one side-to-side opening extending through the
precast arch element from the first side to the second side;
D) a second precast arch element spanning said void area and having first and
second ends, each end positioned toward a respective one of the first and second
sidewalls of the void area, the second precast arch element includes first and
second spaced apart sides extending between the first and second ends of the second
precast arch element, the second precast arch element including at least one side-to-side
opening therethrough, wherein said first precast arch element and said second precast
arch element are located side-by-side to align the side-to-side opening of the
first precast arch element with the side-to-side opening of the second precast
arch element;
E) a tie element extending through the aligned side-to-side openings of said
first and second precast arch elements to connect said first and second precast
arch elements together; and
F) overfill material atop the first and second precast arch elements.
16. The arch system defined in claim 15 wherein said tie element includes a sheath.
17. The arch system defined in claim 16 wherein said tie element further includes
grout located in said sheath.
18. The arch system defined in claim 15 wherein said tie element includes a dowel rod.
19. The arch system defined in claim 15 wherein the side-to-side opening of the
first precast arch element includes a spacer therein and the side-to-side opening
of the second precast arch element includes a spacer therein.
20. The arch system defined in claim 15 wherein the side-to-side opening of the
first precast arch element includes enlarged end bores and the side-to-side opening
of the second precast arch element includes enlarged end bores.
21. The arch system defined in claim 15 wherein the first precast arch element
includes multiple side-to-side openings aligned with a corresponding multiple of
side-to-side openings of the second precast arch element, and a corresponding multiplicity
of tie elements.
22. The arch system of claim 15 further including:
first and second spaced apart sidewalls along respective sides of said void area;
a first foundation block behind the first sidewall and a second foundation block
behind the second sidewall;
the first end of the first precast arch element abuts the first foundation block
and the first end of the second precast arch element abuts the first foundation block;
the second end of the first precast arch element abuts the second foundation
block and the second end of the second precast arch element abuts the second foundation block.
23. An arch system comprising:
A) soil material;
B) a void area in said soil material, the void area having a first sidewall,
a second sidewall, and a lower pathway therebetween;
C) a first precast arch element spanning said void area and having a first and
positioned toward the first sidewall, a second, opposite end positioned toward
the second sidewall, and first and second spaced apart side edges extending between
the first and second ends, at least one cam located along the first side edge of
said first precast arch element;
D) a second precast arch element spanning said void area and having a first end
positioned toward the first sidewall, a second, opposite end positioned toward
the second sidewall, and first and second spaced apart side edges extending between
the first and second ends of the second precast arch element, at least one depression
located along the second side edge of said second precast arch element, wherein
said second precast arch element is located with its second side edge in abutment
with the first side edge of said first precast arch element to locate the cam of
said first precast arch element in the depression of said second precast arch element;
E) overfill material atop the first and second precast arch elements.
24. The arch system of claim 23, further including adhesive between the cam and
the depression.
25. The arch system of claim 23 wherein the first side edge or said first precast
arch element includes a series of spaced apart cams and the second side edge of
said second precast arch element includes a corresponding series of spaced apart depressions.
26. The arch system of claim 25 wherein the first precast arch element and the
second precast arch element are substantially identical in shape and size.
27. The arch system of claim 23 further including:
first and second spaced apart sidewalls along respective sides of said void area;
a first foundation block behind the first sidewall and a second foundation block
behind the second sidewall;
a first end of the first precast arch element abuts the first foundation block
and a first end of the second precast arch element abuts the first foundation block;
a second end of the first precast arch element abuts the second foundation block
and a second end of the second precast arch element abuts the second foundation block.
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to the general art of structural, bridge and geotechnical
engineering, and to the particular field of overfilled arch and/or cut-and-cover structures.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
As discussed in the incorporated document, overfilled arch structures are frequently
formed of precast or cast-in-place reinforced concrete and are used in the case
of bridges to support one pathway over a second pathway, which can be a waterway,
a traffic route, or in the case of other structures, a storage space or the like.
The terms "overfilled arch" or "overfilled bridge" will be understood from the
teaching of the present disclosure, and in general as used herein, an overfilled
bridge or an overfilled arch is a bridge formed of arch elements that rest on the
ground or on a foundation and has soil or the like resting thereon and thereabout
to support and stabilize the structure and in the case of a bridge provide the
surface of the first pathway. The arch form is generally arcuate such as cylindrical
in circumferential shape, and in particular a prolate shape; however, other shapes
can be used. Examples of overfilled bridges are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,482,406
and 4,458,457, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Prior to the structure disclosed in the incorporated 102,921 document, reinforced
concrete overfilled arches were usually constructed by either casting the arch
in place or placing precast elements, or a combination of these. As used herein,
the term "prior art" will refer to structures prior to the structure disclosed
in the incorporated 102,921 document. These arched structures rest on prepared
foundations at the bottom of both sides of the arch. The fill material, at the
sides of the arch (backfill material) serves to diminish the outward displacements
of the structure when the structure is loaded from above. As used herein, the term
"soil" is intended to refer to the normal soil, which can be backfill or in situ,
located at a site used for a bridge structure, and which would not necessarily
otherwise adequately support an arch. The terms "backfill," and "in situ" will
be used to mean such "soil" as well.
Soil is usually not mechanically stiff enough to adequately support bridge structures
of interest to this invention. Thus, prior art bridge structures have been constructed
to transfer forces associated with the structure to walls of the structure and/or
large concrete foundations at the base of the wall. Such walls have to be constructed
in a manner that will support such forces and thus have special construction requirements.
As will be discussed below, such requirements present drawbacks and disadvantages
to such prior art structures.
As discussed in the incorporated 102,921 document, for the prior art structures,
the overfilled arches are normally formed such that the foundation level of the
arch is at the approximate level of a lower pathway or floor surface of an underground
structure over which the arch spans. As discussed in the incorporated document,
prior art systems include sides or sidewalls which transfer loads from the top
of the arch to foundation. The sides of such prior art arch systems must be sufficiently
thick and contain sufficient reinforcement in order to be able to carry these loads
and the thereby induced bending moments.
Furthermore, as it is necessary to limit the arch loading and bending
actions in the top and sides of prior art overfilled arch systems to an acceptable
level, the radius of the arch is in practice restricted. This restriction in arch
radius leads to a higher "rise" (vertical dimension between the top of the clearance
profile of lower pathway surface and the crown of the arch) in the arch profile
than is often desirable for the economical and practical arrangement of the two
pathways and formation of the works surrounding and covering the arch. This results
in a lost height which can be substantial in some cases.
Beams or slabs, while needing a larger thickness than arches, do not require
this "rise" and, therefore, can be used for bridges accommodating a smaller height
between the top of the clearance profile of the lower pathway and the top of the
upper pathway. Arches, despite their economical advantage, often cannot compete
with structures using beams or slabs for this reason especially for larger spans.
However, the larger thickness may result in an expensive structure whose precast
elements may be difficult, unwieldy and heavy to transport to a building site.
Thus, many of the advantages of beam or slab structures may be offset or vitiated.
Furthermore, as discussed in the incorporated document, the foundations
for the prior art overfilled arch systems must be substantial in order to carry
the arch loading and will require additional excavation at the base of the arch
(generally beneath the lower pathway) to enable their construction.
For overfilled arches made of precast construction, the incorporation of the
required height of the sides or sidewalls of the arch result either in a tall-standing
precast element which is difficult and unwieldy to transport and to place or in
the requirement of pedestals.
The system disclosed in the incorporated document solves these problems by having
foundation blocks located behind or near the top of the side walls and against
which the arch of the structure bears. The arch delivers all or at least most of
its support forces into the foundation blocks.
This is an extremely effective system and accomplishes all of the objects set
forth for this system in the incorporated document.
However, the effectiveness of this structure can be further enhanced by
improving the methods used to erect the structure. Therefore, there is a need for
a means and a method for building the structure disclosed in the incorporated document
Ser. No. 10/102,921.
While the cast-in-place (cip) mode of constructing an arch system is suitable
for many situations due to its economy and speed, there are certain commercial
and technical (site) conditions for which a totally precast structure is preferred.
Some of these conditions are:
- time restrictions for on-site installation;
- weather conditions, especially low temperatures;
- the absence of shuttering and crew suited/trained for the cip construction procedure;
- a need to limit the specialist contractors' duties to supplying (and,
perhaps mounting) precast elements, in contrast to providing total contractor's
services (and responsibility);
- limited clear space, not allowing allowint the use of a shuttering (such
as with live train lines at the lower pathway);
- special requirements (aesthetic, etc.).
Therefore, there is a need for a means and a method for building a fully
precast overfilled shallow arch structure such as disclosed in the incorporated document.
The precast arch elements in many prior systems are cast on their sides. This
requires forms which have walls and also may require special handling of the forms
to ensure proper formation of the arch elements. Still further, these elements
are generally shipped in the side-on orientation. The elements are then lifted
off the transporting vehicle, turned in the air to be oriented in the use orientation
(as used herein, the use orientation is an orientation shown in FIG. 1 herein as
well as in FIGS. 2A-2C of the incorporated document, and a side-on orientation
will have the elements rotated 90° with respect to the orientation shown in
these same figures). Side-on formation and shipping has several drawbacks: complicated
formwork; special transportation problems; and lifting problems associated with
lifting and turning such elements.
Therefore, there is a need for a means and a method for forming and shipping
a precast arch element such as disclosed in the incorporated document in a use orientation.
In the case of relatively large overfills, no connection may be required between
adjacent arch elements because the overfilled soil spreads the loads on the overfill
surface so that no differential displacements between adjacent elements occur.
Differential displacements are caused by loads, such as traffic loads, placed only
on one arch element, then on the adjacent arch element, and so on. Such deformations
may lead to so called deflection cracking (cracks that propagate from the top of
the arch element to the pavement surface). Such deformations should be avoided.
For shallow arch applications, shallow overfills are more frequent than high
overfills since the shallow arch is preferably used where lost height needs to
be minimized. In such a case, with only one or two feet or even only inches of
overfill or almost-zero overfill in some situations, the live loads may act on
individual elements before being transferred to the next one causing the relative
vertical displacements that can be such that the pavement of the system will be
cracked due to these relative displacements.
Therefore, there is a need for a means and a method for forming an arch
system such as disclosed in the incorporated document in a manner that avoids differential
displacements between adjacent arch elements of the system.
Still further, there is a need for a means and a method for forming an arch
system such as disclosed in the incorporated document in a manner that avoids differential
displacements between adjacent arch elements of the system even in the situation
of a shallow, or even a zero, overfill.
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
It is a main object of the present invention to provide a means and a method
for
building the structure disclosed in the incorporated document application Ser.
No. 10/102,921.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a means and a method
for building a fully precast overfilled shallow arch structure such as disclosed
in the incorporated document.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a means and a method
for forming, stacking and shipping a precast arch element such as disclosed in
the incorporated document in a use orientation.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a means and a method
for forming an arch system such as disclosed in the incorporated document in a
manner that avoids differential displacements between adjacent arch elements of
the system.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a means and method for
forming an arch system such as disclosed in the incorporated document in a manner
that avoids differential displacements between adjacent arch elements of the system
even in the situation of a shallow, or even a zero, overfill.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
These, and other, objects are achieved by a means and method for forming an
arch system such as disclosed in the incorporated document in which the arch elements
are fully precast in a use orientation, then stacked and shipped in a use orientation.
It is noted that the term "fully precast" is used herein to mean that the arch
element is fully precast and with the exception of some cast-in-place concrete
in the footings and in some cases cast-in-place concrete in the crown joints. The
arch elements are placed on the foundation blocks in a manner which distributes
forces associated with the arch elements to the foundation blocks, as taught in
the disclosure of the incorporated document.
The formwork is very simple and no counter forms are usually required. Furthermore,
there is no need to turn the elements in the air while hanging from a crane.
The arch elements can be prestressed by pre-deformation either during movement
from the shipping vehicle to the in place location, or in another manner. The prestressing
will partly or wholly compensate for the influence of possible outward yield (deformation)
of the abutments (foundation blocks). The elements are placed in their pre-deformed
shape and come back to their intended and optimal shape when overfilled.
The width of arch elements may be limited by the geometric transportation limitations
and the weight. The lying down or use orientation has several advantages over the
standing way or the side on orientation including the advantages associated with
longer elements. For the shallow arches of the present invention, longer elements
can be transported (even with footings attached) than with other arch geometries.
It is noted that the means and method disclosed herein can be applied to skew
arch structures as well as to spans which do not allow one element solutions but
which require a crown joint to connect two halves together. Therefore, spans can
range from about twelve feet to eighty-four feet or more.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIGURES
FIG. 1 is an elevational view of a completed arch structure as disclosed in
the incorporated document and which is formed in accordance with the teaching of
the present disclosure.
FIG. 2
a is a plan view of a system with skew alignment that can be formed
in accordance with the teaching of the present disclosure.
FIG. 2
b is a plan view of a system with curved alignment which can be
formed in accordance with the teaching of the present disclosure.
FIG. 2
c is a plan view of a system with an irregular alignment which
can be formed in accordance with the teaching of the present disclosure.
FIG. 3
a is a plan view of a curved system which can be formed in accordance
with the teaching of the present disclosure showing adjacent arch elements.
FIG. 3
b is a plan view of a skewed system which can be formed in accordance
with the teaching of the present disclosure showing adjacent arch elements.
FIG. 3
c is a plan view of a conventional span system which can be formed
in accordance with the teaching of the present disclosure showing adjacent arch elements.
FIG. 4 is a plan view of a form used to form arch elements in a use orientation
in accordance with the teaching of the present disclosure.
FIG. 5 is an end elevational view of the form shown in FIG. 4.
FIG. 6
a shows an arch element that has been formed in the use orientation
being moved in the use orientation.
FIG. 6
b shows a top plan view of the arch element being moved in the
use orientation.
FIG. 7 shows an arch element having a prestressing element associated therewith.
FIG. 8 shows a portion of an arch element in which bores are defined to accommodate
tie elements, such as dowel rods or the like.
FIGS. 9 and 9
a show a tie element located in a bore of the arch element.
FIG. 10 is a longitudinal section of a plurality of adjacent arch elements.
FIG. 11 shows a detail of a connection between adjacent arch elements.
FIG. 12 is an elevational view in section of a completed arch system in which
adjacent arch elements are connected together in accordance with the teaching of
the present disclosure.
FIG. 13 is a detail view showing a connection between two adjacent arch elements
of a completed arch system in accordance with the teaching of the present disclosure.
FIG. 14 is a detail view showing an alternative form of a connection between
two adjacent arch elements in accordance with the teaching of the present disclosure.
FIG. 15 is an elevational view in section of an arch system showing the arch
system during one step in the process of erecting the system in accordance with
the teaching of the present disclosure.
FIG. 16 is a detail view of an end of an arch element and a portion of a foundation
block during one step in the process of erecting the arch system in accordance
with the teaching of the present disclosure.
FIG. 17 is a detail view of an end of an arch element and a portion of a foundation
block during one step in the process of erecting the arch system in accordance
with the teaching of the present disclosure.
FIG. 18 shows a detail view of one form of an arch element and its footing that
is included in the disclosure of the present invention.
FIG. 19 shows another detail view of a form of an arch element and its footing
that is included in the disclosure of the present invention.
FIG. 20 shows another detail view of a form of the arch element and its footing
that is included in the disclosure of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION
Other objects, features and advantages of the invention will become apparent
from a consideration of the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings.
Shown in FIG. 1 is an arch support system such as disclosed in the incorporated
document. Reference is made to the incorporated document of patent application
Ser. No. 10/102,921 for a full disclosure of the system shown in FIG. 1. However,
by way of reference, shown in FIG. 1 is a system
10 which includes an arch
span
12, which also will be referred to as an arch element, or simply an
arch, which forms the roof of a void or open space
14 within an earth filled
space. Beneath arch span
12, walls
16 and
18, which will also
be referred to as side walls or retaining walls, retain backfilled earth
20
or excavation edges
22 and
24 of previously existing (in situ) ground
material on either side of void or open space
14 above arch space
12,
overfill (earth) material OV is placed to create the plane
36. The arch
and retaining walls may or may not be structurally connected. The art and practice
of the present invention enables the arch and the walls to be constructed independently,
in different construction phases. The purpose and form of the arch, the retaining
walls and the means of founding these two key components of the backfilled and/or
overfilled structure will be understood from the teaching of the incorporated disclosure.
Structure
10 can be located between first selected area
30
which can be the floor of a void or a lower pathway, and which includes a plane
32, and a second selected area
34 which can be a roof of a void or
an upper pathway which includes a plane
36. Arch span
12 and overfill
(earth) material OV is placed to create the plane
36.
The arch span is founded via arch footings
48 and
50 and foundation
blocks
40 and
42 on general earth backfill
20 and/or on in
situ soil (the surface of the previously existing (in situ) subsoil having been
excavated to that extent). Foundation blocks
40 and
42 are each placed
behind corresponding sidewalls
18 and
16 respectively of the overfilled
and/or backfilled arch structure during its construction. Arch footings
48
and
50, formed of concrete and/or reinforced concrete are interposed between
springs
44 and
46 which will also be referred to as ends of arch
span
12 and the foundation blocks to distribute forces over a wide area
thus also reducing the strength and stiffness requirements of the solidified fill
material of the foundation blocks.
As discussed in the incorporated disclosure, the foundation blocks distribute
the concentrated arch support forces at the springs of the arch via arch footings
onto a sufficiently large earth backfill area such that the bearing pressure on
the volume of (in situ or backfill) earth to which the arch loads are applied does
not cause unacceptable displacements, especially in the horizontal direction.
As is also shown in FIG. 1, a roadway R can be located above the system and can
include pavement P with pavement P′ located beneath the system.
Shown in FIGS. 2
a-
2c are examples of the type of systems
that can be formed using the teaching of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG.
2
a, the system can include skew elements SB. As shown in plan view FIG.
2
b, the system can include a round bridge RB having a plurality of trapezoidal
arch elements
12T or an angled system AB with one trapezoidal element
12T′.
Plan views of different arch structures are shown in FIGS. 3
a,
3b
and
3c as curved elements CB, skew elements SE and straight elements STE.
As discussed above, the method embodying the present invention forms the arch
elements in a use orientation. The use orientation for arch element
12 is
shown in FIG. 1; whereas, a side on orientation would have arch element
12
oriented at a 9.0° angle with respect to the orientation shown in FIG. 1.
As also discussed above, forming the arch elements in the use orientation produces
several advantages over forming the arch element in a side-on orientation. A formwork
60 is shown in FIG. 4 in plan view and can be used to form the straight
elements STE, and/or the skew elements SE and/or the trapezoidal elements TE. The
skew elements can include an angle α. Formwork
60 can include walls,
such as
62, to define the desired shapes as well as outer perimeter walls
64. Materials and procedures suitable for forming the arch elements are
carried out using the formwork and suitable procedures. The formwork is very simple
and no counter forms are usually required. The formwork can be lifted up or down
on one side of the form as indicated by double-headed arrow
66 in FIG. 5
to help in placing and vibrating the concrete in the formwork, and to prevent the
flow of vibrated concrete by changing the gradient/slope. The lifting can be performed
using a suitable jack. The formwork, itself, can be vibrated, and when using the
lifting system with suitable jacks, the vibration of the formwork can be done in
halves or thirds of the arch element.
Once the concrete is poured and has hardened, the elements are moved, in the
use orientation, from the formwork to a yard for stacking and from there to a transportation
vehicle using a crane or the like. As shown in FIGS. 6
a and
6b,
an element
12x is attached to a crane (not shown) by a harness
68 which includes two cables
70 and
72 attached to a first
surface
74 of element
12x. As element
12x
is lifted from the formwork, it will flex under its own weight from an unflexed
configuration
12x1 as shown in solid line in FIG. 6
a to
a flexed configuration
12x2 shown in dotted lines in FIG. 6
a.
This flexing can be used to obtain the desired pre-deformation to prestress the
arch to partly or wholly compensate the influence of a possible outward yield (deformation)
of the foundation blocks when the arch is subjected in its final position to loading.
The arch elements are placed in their pre-deformed shape (indicated in dotted line
in FIG. 6
a) and return to their original shape (indicated in solid line
in FIG. 6
b) when overfilled. When the elements with the dotted line shape
are placed onto the foundation blocks, the foundation blocks will hardly move under
the dead weight of the arches only. When all elements have been placed, the overfill
is placed which then has a total weight greater than that of the elements alone.
This loading condition, the overfill plus the arch dead weight, produces a considerable
horizontal thrust are on the foundation blocks. If the foundation block, or blocks,
is/are not as stiff as desirable, this loading may push the foundation blocks out
by a small amount. Even small movements result in the activation of the earth resistance
to a considerable degree preventing further movement of the foundation block. Ideally,
the foundation block will move out about as much as the ends of the arch elements
have been drawn together by the pre-deformation before installation. If this is
the case, the moments introduced by the drawing together of the ends and the opposite
moments caused by the outward deformations of the foundation blocks will largely
cancel each other out so that the elements—before traffic loads are applied—are
in a state of very little moments. This helps to overcome disadvantages created
by a certain amount of yielding of the foundation blocks. Should the foundation
blocks not yield, the prestressing or pre-deformation is not harmful because it
is done only to a degree which is within the allowable limits of the arch design.
Furthermore, the moments generated by prestressing are opposite in direction to
the majority of moments generated by traffic and are therefore not detrimental
to the load carrying capacity of the arch.
Prestressing of the arch element can also be effected by structural
elements, such as tie rod
80 shown for arch element
12x2.
Tie rod
80 can include a turnbuckle
82 or the like to set the desired
amount of camber, or pre-deformation on the arch element.
As discussed above, in some instances differential displacement can occur between
adjacent arch elements in a system having a plurality of arch elements. This differential
deformation can be prevented, or at least minimized, by connecting adjacent arch
elements together once they have been put in place. The connection can transfer
shear forces between elements and thereby reduce the relative displacements to
zero or almost zero. Additionally, the load carrying capacity is increased since
two or more adjacent elements carry the imposed loads in unison.
The method embodying the present invention includes connecting adjacent elements
in one of several different ways.
The first connection is via post-tensioning one or several of the tie elements.
This can be effected by introducing tension braces to the tie elements. The post-tensioning
force creates friction between the adjacent elements which in turn provides shear
resistance. The shear resistance prevents and counteracts differential deformation
between adjacent arch elements.
A second form of connection is by bolting. Bolting is indicated in FIGS. 8 through
13. Holes, such as hole
90 are provided through each arch element. The holes
can be defined by placing pipes in the formwork during formation of the arch element.
The holes can have a counterbore
92 on each end thereof. The holes in each
arch element are located so that the holes in one arch element will be aligned
with the holes in an adjacent arch element as shown in FIG. 10 for adjacent arch
elements
12xa1 and
12xa2. A relatively thick
steel rod or dowel bar
94 (reinforcement bar) is positioned in the aligned
holes such that it extends through the holes in at least two adjacent arch elements.
To ensure centricity of the rod, support elements
96 can be located in the
arch elements inside the holes. To guarantee a tight fit and proper load transfer,
the rod has a sheath
98 surrounding it which can be a thin but tough plastic
sheathing. After placement of the rod the sheath is filled with grout (cement plus
the sand (or filler) plus water) under pressure. The grout fills the interspace
between the rod and the arch element adjacent to the holes. The grout prevents
play between the rod and the arch element. The rod or dowel bar becomes, after
hardening of the grout, an integral part of the arch element. A space
99
exists between the sheath and the arch element adjacent to the hole and is filled
when the sheath expands after insertion of grout under pressure. At ring joints,
such as ring joint RJ (see FIGS. 3
a to
3c), the bar or rod
continues between elements. Here also it is surrounded by grout which protects
it against corrosion. Since the sheath extends for the entire length of the rod
or dowel bar, the grout will not leak out of the sheath before setting. The sheath
will expand to snugly fit the hole (or holes). At the joints between the elements,
such as joint
102, the sheath prevents the grout from leaking out. Additionally,
as shown in FIG. 13, caulking
104 can be applied at the joints to make the
structure watertight.
It is also noted that in order to produce a bridge from precast elements, it
has
to be done in several pieces which are each smaller than the entire bridge. These
pieces (elements) can be tied together on site using the dowel and grouting system
discussed above.
It is also noted that due to the rods or dowels the precast arch bridge performs
almost as well, deformation and resistancewise, as if the joint (the ring joint)
didn't exist as would be the case with a cast-in-place structure. The whole bridge
acts as a homogeneous vault and not a number of individual arch elements, one next
to the other. Thus, the rods or dowel bars are an effective means to overcome the
drawbacks of precast structures which are separated by joints instead of being
homogeneous structures like cast-in-place structures.
Still further means can be used to connect adjacent arch elements. Such a further
means is indicated in FIG. 14 and includes a cam
110 in one arch element
and a corresponding depression
112 in an adjacent arch element. Each arch
element contains both cams and depressions. A cam on one elements is accommodated
in an associated depression on an adjacent element to connect the two adjacent
elements together. Adhesive can also be applied to the cam and/or to the depression
to provide a permanent connection free of play.
The foundation of the precast arch element is, in principal, the same as the
foundation disclosed in the incorporated document. The foundation will include
the foundation block. The arch elements can include an arch footing such as indicated
in FIG. 1 as arch footings
48 and
50. In the means and method embodying
the present invention, the arch footings can be precast together with the arch
element as indicated for arch footing
50p in FIG. 18 which rests
directly on the foundation block. Another form of the arch footing is shown in
FIG. 19 as arch footing
50p1 which is cast in place and connected
to the arch element which does not contain precast footings. Yet another form of
the arch footing is shown in FIG. 20 as arch footing
50p2. Arch
footing
50p2 includes a small footing
50p2′
that is precast with the arch element and a layer of cast-in-place concrete
50p2"
between the precast footing and the foundation block. This procedure allows the
precast footing to be designed quite small (thus adding only little weight to the
precast element) while the concrete (preferably unreinforced) which is cast-in-place
between the precast element and the foundation block spreads the footing forces
sufficiently to be borne by the solidified earth material of the foundation block.
This cast-in-place concrete would be poured after the precast elements are installed
in their final position, the latter being provisionally supported on locally protruding
parts of the arch element LPP in FIGS. 3
a to
3c or element
124 of FIG. 16. This ensures that the final support will be between the
larger part of the arch element and the foundation block via the cast-in-place concrete.
This process of placing cast-in-place concrete between the arch element and
the foundation block is indicated in FIGS. 15 to 17 in which arch element
120
has an end area
122. An element
124 extends out of the end area of
the arch element and engages the foundation block when the arch element is initially
installed. Reinforced or unreinforced concrete
126 is then cast in place
around the arch element end and the foundation block and overfill
128 is
subsequently placed on the cast-in-place concrete once this has hardened. Concrete
can also be located between the end of the arch element and the foundation block
as indicated in FIG. 15 by cast-in-place concrete
130.
As used herein, the term "prestressing" refers to the condition of an arch element
such as shown in FIGS. 6
a and
7 prior to placement of the arch element
in the system; and the term "post-tensioning" refers to a condition of an arch
element after it has been placed. Thus, the elements shown in FIGS. 6
a and
7 are prestressed; whereas, adjacent arch elements
12 can be post-tensioned
by the action of the dowel rods or by the action of friction of one arch element
on an adjacent arch element or by the interlocking action of the elements shown
in FIG. 14.
It is understood that while certain forms of the present invention have been
illustrated
and described herein, it is not to be limited to the specific forms or arrangements
of parts described and shown.
*
