Pulsed-laser systems and methods for producing holographic stereograms Number:6,806,982 from the United States Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) owispatent Pre-sensitization techniques can be used in conjunction with holographic recording materials to allow high quality holographic stereograms to be recorded in those holographic recording materials using pulsed lasers. Additional hologram production system hardware and software designs for use with pulsed lasers are disclosed.<H stereograms, holographic, Pulsed, laser, sy, 6806982.html, Patent, pto, 6806982

Title: Pulsed-laser systems and methods for producing holographic stereograms

Abstract: Pre-sensitization techniques can be used in conjunction with holographic recording materials to allow high quality holographic stereograms to be recorded in those holographic recording materials using pulsed lasers. Additional hologram production system hardware and software designs for use with pulsed lasers are disclosed.

Patent Number: 6,806,982 Issued on 10/19/2004 to Newswanger, et al.

Inventors: Newswanger; Craig (Austin, TX); Lad; Pankaj (Austin, TX); Sitton; Robert L. (Austin, TX); Huang; Qiang (Austin, TX); Klug; Michael A. (Austin, TX); Holzbach; Mark E. (Austin, TX)
Assignee: Zebra Imaging, Inc. (Pflugerville, TX)

Appl. No.: 10/167,759

Filed: June 12, 2002

Current U.S. Class: 359/35 ; 359/23; 359/27; 430/1

Field of Search: 359/1,23,27,35 430/1

References Cited [Referenced By]

U.S. Patent Documents


3694218	September 1972	Margerum
4999681	March 1991	Mader
5748347	May 1998	Erickson
5796498	August 1998	French
6157352	December 2000	Kollin
2003/0137706	July 2003	Rmanujam

Foreign Patent Documents


WO 01/42861	Jun., 2001	WO
WO 01/45943	Jun., 2001	WO
WO 02/29487	Apr., 2002	WO
WO 02/29500	Apr., 2002	WO

Other References

VN.Mikhailov et. al.,"Pulse hologram recording in DuPont's photopolymer films", SPIE vol. 3011, pp. 200-202(1997).* .
V. N. Mikhailov, K. T. Weitzel, V.N. Krylov, and Urs. P. Wild, "Pulse Hologram Recording in DuPont's Photopolymer Films," Practical Holography XI, Proc. SPIE, vol. 3011, Feb. 10-11, 1997, pp. 200-202. .
V. N. Mikhailov, K. T. Weitzel, T. Y. Latychevskaia, V. N. Krylov, and Urs P. Wild, "Pulse Recording of Slanted Fringe Holograms in DuPont Photopolymer," Holographic Materials IV, Proc. SPIE, vol. 3294, Mar. 1998, pp. 132-135. .
"Holography," SPIE's International Technical Group Newsletter, vol. 10, No. 2., Dec., 1999 pp. 1-12. .
M.V. Grichine, D.B. Ratcliffe and G.R. Skokov, "An Integrated Pulsed Holography System For Mastering And Transferring Onto AGFA or VR-P Emulsions," GEOLA General Optics Laboratory, Proceedings of the SPIE, vol. 3358, 1998, pp. 203-210. .
Annex Form PCT/ISA/206, Communication Relating to the Results of the Partial International Search from the Patent Corporation Treaty, Mar. 26, 2003, pp. 1-2 and Patent Family Annex..

Primary Examiner: Dunn; Drew A.
Assistant Examiner: Boutsikaris; Leo
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Campbell Stephenson Ascolese LLP Ascolese; Marc R.

Parent Case Text

This application claims the benefit, under 35 U.S.C. .sctn. 119 (e), of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/334,834, filed Nov. 30, 2001, entitled "Pulsed-Laser Systems And Methods For Producing Holographic Stereograms," and naming Craig Newswanger, Pankaj Lad, Robert L. Sitton, Qiang Huang, Michael A. Klug, and Mark E. Holzbach as inventors; and of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/352,395, filed Jan. 28, 2002, entitled "Pulsed-Laser Systems And Methods For Producing Holographic Stereograms," and naming Craig Newswanger, Pankaj Lad, Robert L. Sitton, Qiang Huang, Michael A. Klug, and Mark E. Holzbach as inventors. The above-referenced applications are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A method of recording holograms comprising: providing a holographic recording material; pre-sensitizing the holographic recording material by exposing the holographic recording material to a plurality of laser pulses; and exposing the holographic recording material to an interference pattern formed by a reference beam from a pulsed laser and an object beam from the pulsed laser.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the plurality of laser pulses are provided by at least one of the reference beam and the object beam.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein the exposing the holographic recording material further comprises: orienting at least one of the reference beam and the object beam at an oblique angle with respect to the holographic recording material.

4. The method of claim 3 wherein the orienting at least one of the reference and the object beam further comprises: positioning the at least one of the reference beam and the object beam at an angle of approximately 45.degree. with respect to a surface normal of the holographic recording material.

5. The method of claim 1 wherein the holographic recording material is one of a photopolymer, a dichromated gelatin, and a silver halide emulsion.

6. The method of claim 5 wherein the holographic recording material is a photopolymer laminated to a substrate.

7. The method of claim 1 further comprising: adjusting the path length of at least one of the reference beam and the object beam so that the reference beam and the object beam are coherent with respect to each other.

8. The method of claim 7 wherein the adjusting the path length further comprises: providing a first stationary mirror operable to reflect the at least one of the reference beam and the object beam; providing at least one movable mirror operable to reflect light from the first stationary mirror to a second stationary mirror; and adjusting a position of the at least one movable mirror.

9. The method of claim 1 further comprising: intensity modulating the object beam with a spatial light modulator.

10. The method of claim 1 further comprising: waiting a predetermined period of time between the pre-sensitizing the holographic recording material and the exposing the holographic recording material.

11. An apparatus for recording holographic stereograms, comprising: a pulsed light source that produces a coherent beam; a material holder holding a pre-sensitized holographic recording material, the pre-sensitized holographic recording material being pre-sensitized by exposing the holographic recording material to a plurality of laser pulses; and an optical system operable to direct at least a portion of the coherent beam to the holographic recording material, wherein the plurality of laser pulses are provided by at least a portion of the coherent beam.

12. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein optical system further comprises: a beam splitter that splits the coherent beam into an object beam and a reference beam; an object beam optical system for directing the object beam to interfere with the reference beam at the pre-sensitized holographic recording material; and a reference beam optical system for directing the reference beam to interfere with the object beam at the pre-sensitized holographic recording material.

13. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein at least one of the reference beam optical system and the object beam optical system includes an optical pathlength matching device comprising: a first stationary mirror positioned to reflect at least one of the reference beam and the object beam; at least one movable mirror positioned to receive the at least one of the reference beam and the object beam from the first stationary mirror and reflect the at least one of the reference beam and the object beam; and a second stationary mirror positioned to receive the at least one of the reference beam and the object beam from the at least one movable mirror; wherein the optical pathlength of the at least one of the reference beam and the object beam is adjusted by moving the at least one movable mirror.

14. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein the object beam optical system includes a spatial light modulator for intensity modulating the object beam.

15. The apparatus of claim 14 further comprising: a computer coupled to the spatial light modulator and programmed to control delivery of a rendered image to the spatial light modulator.

16. The apparatus of claim 15 further comprising: a material holder translation system operable to position the material holder holding the pre-sensitized holographic recording material.

17. The apparatus of claim 16 wherein the computer is coupled to the material holder translation system and is further programmed to synchronize positioning of the material holder translation system with delivery of the rendered image to the spatial light modulator.

18. The apparatus of claim 17 wherein: a velocity of the material holder translation system is kept constant for the duration of one row of hogel exposures.

19. The apparatus of claim 17 wherein: the computer is further programmed to synchronize positioning of the material holder translation system with at least one of a vertical synchronization signal and a horizontal synchronization signal provided with the rendered image to the spatial light modulator.

20. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein the pulsed light source is triggered based on at least one of a vertical synchronization signal and a horizontal synchronization signal provided with the rendered image to the spatial light modulator.

21. The apparatus of claim 12 further comprising: at least one of a transmissive diffraction grating and a reflective diffraction grating positioned to diffract the reference beam so as to enhance path matching for the reference beam when the reference beam strikes the recording material.

22. The apparatus of claim 11 further comprising: an incoherent broadband light source positioned to pre-sensitize the holographic recording material.

23. The apparatus of claim 22 wherein the incoherent broadband light source includes at least one of: a halogen light source, florescent light source, an incandescent light source, a white-light light emitting diode (LED) light source, and a plurality of narrowband incoherent light sources.

24. The apparatus of claim 22 wherein the incoherent broadband light source is further positioned to only expose a small portion of the holographic recording material.

25. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the at least a portion of the coherent beam is oriented at an oblique angle with respect to the holographic recording material.

26. The apparatus of claim 25 wherein the at least a portion of the coherent beam is oriented at an angle of approximately 45.degree. with respect to a surface normal of the holographic recording material.

27. The apparatus claim 11 wherein the holographic recording material is one of a photopolymer, a dichromated gelatin, and a silver halide emulsion.

28. The apparatus of claim 27 wherein the holographic recording material is a photopolymer laminated to a substrate.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates in general to the field of hologram production and, more particularly, to hologram production using pulsed lasers.

2. Description of the Related Art

One-step hologram (including holographic stereogram) production technology has been used to satisfactorily record holograms in holographic recording materials without the traditional step of creating preliminary holograms. Both computer image holograms and non-computer image holograms can be produced by such one-step technology. In some one-step systems, computer processed images of objects or computer models of objects allow the respective system to build a hologram from a number of contiguous, small, elemental pieces known as elemental holograms or hogels. To record each hogel on holographic recording material, an object beam is typically directed through a spatial light modulator (SLM) displaying a rendered image and then interfered with a reference beam. Examples of techniques for one-step hologram production can be found in the U.S. Pat. No. 6,330,088 entitled "Method and Apparatus for Recording One-Step, Full-Color, Full-Parallax, Holographic Stereograms," Ser. No. 09/098,581, naming Michael A. Klug, Mark E. Holzbach, and Alejandro J. Ferdman as inventors, and filed on Jun. 17, 1998, ("the '581 application") which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

In general, the hologram production devices (often referred to as "hologram recorders") described in the '581 application can use either continuous-wave (CW) or pulsed lasers as the coherent light source for the object and reference beams used to create interference patterns. Hologram recorders often use CW lasers because they are more commercially available, their output intensity is typically easier to control, and because it is typically easier to find a CW laser that will produce output at a single desired frequency. Moreover, many of the preferred holographic recording materials, such as photopolymerizable compositions, dichromated gelatin, and silver halide emulsions, are particularly suited for use with CW laser sources.

Nevertheless, the use of CW lasers in hologram recorders does present certain limitations. Chief among those limitations is the relatively low output power of CW lasers which causes the hologram recorder to use relatively long exposure times (e.g., tens of milliseconds) for each hogel. During those exposure times, the entire hologram production system is particularly susceptible to mechanical vibration. Great effort is expended to reduce or eliminate the mechanical vibrations. Hologram recorders are typically located far away from sources of environmental vibration, such as outside traffic, building vibration, mechanical equipment, common appliances, human motion, acoustic noise, plumbing turbulence and air flow. Special devices, such as vibrationally-isolated optics tables, are typically used where environmental vibration sources cannot be sufficiently reduced or eliminated. Such devices and techniques add cost and complexity to hologram production systems. Moreover, to help ensure a stable hogel recording environment, a step-repeat approach is often adopted in translating the holographic recording medium. Consequently, additional settling time (on the order of tens of milliseconds as well) is introduced into the recording process. The cumulative recording and settling times prolong the hologram production process, making it more expensive and in some cases impractical for certain applications. Moreover, the mechanical systems used to step the system, bring (or allow) the system to come to a stop, and repeat can be very complex.

Using pulsed lasers in hologram production devices can mitigate or solve many of the aforementioned problems associated with CW laser use. Due to the different physics of pulsed laser operation, a small frame pulsed laser is able to generate higher light intensity than its CW counterparts. For example, small frame frequency doubled Nd:YAG pulsed lasers can generate 1.1 mJ of energy during a 35 ns long pulse at 532 nm. This corresponds to approximately 31.4 kW of power during the pulse. In contrast, a typical CW Nd:YAG laser produces approximately 4W of power. Because high exposure intensity is possible using pulsed lasers, the required exposure time to generate a hologram can be reduced significantly. While tens of milliseconds is typically needed for CW laser hologram recording, the tens of nanoseconds pulse duration of a pulsed laser is adequate for pulsed laser hologram recording. Decreasing the exposure time by six orders of magnitude means that the frequencies of both the movement of the hologram recorder components and environmental vibration are too low to generate any noticeable effect on interference pattern generation. The mechanical stability requirements restricting the CW laser based hologram recorder are completely relaxed. Consequently, the recorder design can be significantly simplified and the cost of the hardware is reduced.

Despite the advantages of using pulsed lasers in hologram production devices, the holographic recording materials typically used may not provide adequate results when used with pulsed lasers. For example, photopolymerizable compositions (photopolymers) are among the most preferable holographic recording materials because of the image recording capabilities and their relative ease of use. Photopolymers include a wide range of materials that undergo physical, chemical, or optical changes through selective polymerization when exposed to light. Typically, photopolymers include a monomer or a crosslinkable polymer, a sensitizer or photoinitiator, and a binder or liquid to hold the components. Changes in the photopolymer's refractive index, transparency, adhesion, and/or solubility differentiate light and dark regions when these materials are exposed to an activating light source. Photopolymers capable of recording volume phase holograms include those developed by Canon Incorporated (based on polyvinyl carbazole), Polaroid Corporation (based on polyethylene amine/acrylate), and E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company (based on polyvinyl acetate and polymethyl methacrylate). Those having ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize that a variety of different photopolymer compositions can be used in the practice of the inventions described herein. Nevertheless, preferred photopolymer films are provided by E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company under the trade designations, for example, OmniDex.TM. 706, OmniDex.TM. 801, HRF-800X001-15, HRF-750X, HRF-700X, HRF-600X, and the like.

Holograms recorded in photopolymer films using single laser pulses from pulsed lasers are known to be of generally poorer quality as compared to holograms recorded in photopolymer films using CW lasers. For example, in V. N. Mikhailov, K. T. Weitzel, V. N. Krylov, and Urs P. Wild, "Pulse Hologram Recording in DuPont's Photopolymer Films," Practical Holography XI, Proc. SPIE, vol. 3011, pages 200-202, Feb. 10-11, 1997, (the Mikhailov reference) which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, it was demonstrated that a hologram recorded with a 25 ns pulse from a YLF-Nd Q-switched laser (0.25 J/cm.sup.2 intensity) had a peak diffraction efficiency of approximately 6.5%, while a hologram recorded for 5 seconds using a comparable intensity argon-ion CW laser had a peak diffraction efficiency of approximately 92%. Diffraction efficiency is a typical measurement of the quality of a recorded hologram and is based on the ratio of diffracted light intensity to input light intensity (usually neglecting Fresnel reflection and absorption in the holographic recording material).

The Mikhailov reference goes on to demonstrate that holograms with larger diffraction efficiencies can be recorded using pulsed lasers if the photopolymer film is pre-illuminated. Specifically, the Mikhailov reference demonstrates that pulsed laser recorded holograms can have diffraction efficiencies of approximately 40% and 75% when the photopolymer film is pre-illuminated using a pulse from the pulsed laser and filtered incoherent light, respectively.

Accordingly, it is desirable to have improved systems and methods for using pulsed lasers to produce holograms and particularly holographic stereograms. Such improved systems and methods would provide high-quality recorded holograms while allowing the hologram production systems to take full advantage of the use of pulsed lasers.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It has been discovered that pre-sensitization techniques can be used in conjunction with holographic recording materials to allow high quality holographic stereograms to be recorded in those holographic recording materials using pulsed lasers. Additional hologram production system hardware and software designs for use with pulsed lasers are disclosed.

Accordingly, one aspect of the present invention provides a method of recording holograms. A holographic recording material is provided. The holographic recording material is pre-sensitized by exposing the holographic recording material to an incoherent broadband light source. The holographic recording material is exposed to an interference patterned formed by a reference beam from a pulsed laser and an object beam from the pulsed laser.

Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of recording holograms. A holographic recording material is provided. The holographic recording material is pre-sensitized by exposing the holographic recording material to a plurality of laser pulses. The holographic recording material is exposed to an interference patterned formed by a reference beam from a pulsed laser and an object beam from the pulsed laser.

Still another aspect of the present invention provides a method of recording holograms. The holographic recording material is pre-sensitized by exposing the holographic recording material to at least one of an incoherent broadband light source and a plurality of laser pulses. At least one of a reference beam from a pulsed laser and an object beam from the pulsed laser is oriented at an oblique angle with respect to the holographic recording material. The holographic recording material is exposed to an interference pattern formed by the reference beam and the object beam.

Yet another aspect of the present invention provides an apparatus for recording holographic stereograms including a pulsed light source that produces a coherent beam, a material holder, and an optical system. The material holder holds a pre-sensitized holographic recording material, the pre-sensitized holographic recording material being pre-sensitized by exposing the holographic recording material to at least one of an incoherent broadband light source and a plurality of laser pulses. The optical system is operable to direct at least a portion of the coherent beam to the holographic recording material.

The foregoing is a summary and thus contains, by necessity, simplifications, generalizations and omissions of detail; consequently, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the summary is illustrative only and is not intended to be in any way limiting. As will also be apparent to one of skill in the art, the operations disclosed herein may be implemented in a number of ways, and such changes and modifications may be made without departing from this invention and its broader aspects. Other aspects, inventive features, and advantages of the present invention, as defined solely by the claims, will become apparent in the non-limiting detailed description set forth below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present inventions may be better understood, and their numerous objects, features, and advantages made apparent to those skilled in the art by referencing the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram a hologram production device using a pulsed laser.

FIG. 1A is a schematic diagram of a color module that can be used with the hologram production device shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 2 illustrates an optical path length matching device for use in a hologram production device such as that shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 illustrates an object-beam/reference-beam interferometer for use in a hologram production device such as that shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram a horizontal-parallax-only hologram production device using a pulsed laser.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example of interlaced hologram production.

FIGS. 6A and 6B illustrate two different techniques for providing a reference beam in a horizontal-parallax-only hologram production device.

FIG. 7 is a graph showing the motion profile of a linear translator suitable for positioning holographic recording material.

FIGS. 8A and 8B illustrate correct and incorrect positioning of the holographic recording material used in a hologram production device.

FIGS. 9A and 9B illustrate correct and incorrect image display synchronization with the positioning of the holographic recording material used in a hologram production device.

FIG. 10 shows a graph including both the motion profile of a linear translator suitable for positioning holographic recording material and a video frame synchronization signal.

FIG. 11 shows a graph similar to that of FIG. 10 but where the horizontal axis is shown in units with respect to another video frame synchronization signal.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following sets forth a detailed description of the best contemplated mode for carrying out the invention. The description is intended to be illustrative of the invention and should not be taken to be limiting.

The Mikhailov reference and related references such as V. N. Mikhailov, K. T. Weitzel, T. Y. Latychevskaia, V. N. Krylov, and Urs P. Wild, "Pulse Recording of Slanted Fringe Holograms in DuPont Photopolymer," Holographic Materials IV, Proc. SPIE, vol. 3294, pages 132-135, March 1998, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, disclose that the pulsed laser object beam and reference beam used to record holograms in pre-illuminated photopolymer films are counterpropagating beams directed at either a 0.degree. or 12.degree. angle of incidence (i.e., measured with respect to the surface normal of the holographic recording material). However, the applicants have discovered that a significant increase in diffraction efficiency of such recorded holograms occurs where the angle of incidence of at least one of the recording beams is oblique, i.e., where the angle of incidence is greater than 12.degree..

This is illustrated in FIG. 1, where the angle of incidence of the reference beam in one embodiment of a pulsed laser hologram recording system is approximately 45.degree.. The applicants found that such a recording geometry benefited both pulsed laser hologram recording (particularly pulsed laser hologram recording where the holographic recording material is pre-sensitized as discussed below) and CW laser recording.

The Mikhailov reference discloses two types of pre-illumination that are used to pre-sensitize the photopolymer film prior to recording holograms with a pulsed laser: single laser pulse pre-sensitization and incoherent light pre-sensitization using a green filter. The applicants have developed additional pre-sensitization and hologram recording techniques that provide results superior to those disclosed in the Mikhailov reference. Additionally, the work of Mikhailov et al., demonstrated the effectiveness of their pre-illumination techniques for recording interference patterns with no significant amplitude or intensity modulation of the object beam (i.e., the object beam was merely reflected from a mirror). The applicants, however, have demonstrated the recording of diffuse grating holograms (e.g., using an object beam intensity modulated by a spatial light modulator) using the disclosed devices and techniques.

Incoherent broadband pre-illumination light sources can be used regardless of the wavelength at which the hologram will be recorded. For example, unfiltered halogen, florescent, incandescent, and white-light light emitting diode (LED) light sources can be used to pre-sensitize the holographic recording material. Additionally, narrowband incoherent light sources such as various color LEDs can be used alone or in combination (e.g., a combination of red, green, and blue LEDs) to effectively produce a sufficiently broadband light source.

Pre-illumination of the holographic recording material can be conducted in a scanning fashion, where only a portion of the holographic recording material is illuminated at any one time. Such a pre-illumination technique is particularly suited for hologram production devices designed to utilize a continuous supply of photopolymer material or "web." For example, if the photopolymer web is supplied from a roll of film on one roller and taken-up by a second roller, a stationary light source positioned above the film can pre-sensitize the film as it passes by the light source. Alternately, a light source mounted on a motion control stage or arm can be used to scan the holographic recording material.

The holographic recording material can also be flood illuminated where the entire holographic recording material is simultaneously illuminated. This is particularly suited for hologram recorders designed to record on single tiles or sheets of holographic recording material. Either as part of the hologram recorder, or as part of a separate pre-sensitization stage, a light source can be located above a sheet of the holographic recording material and activated to flood illuminate the holographic recording material. In such examples, the holographic recording material is typically placed on or laminated to a glass or plastic substrate before the holographic recording material is pre-sensitized. The holographic recording material typically remains on the substrate while the desired holograms are recorded in the material, i.e., after pre-sensitization. In the case of the aforementioned Du Pont photopolymer films, laminating the film to the substrate typically involves removing the film's cover sheet and placing the tacky photopolymer film on the substrate surface.

With any type of pre-illumination, the amount of pre-sensitization can be controlled by adjusting the intensity of the light source, the holographic recording material's exposure time to the light source, or some combination of the two. Pre-illumination energy of approximately 2 mJ/cm.sup.2 has been successfully used in conjunction with the aforementioned DuPont photopolymers, particularly the OmniDex.TM. 801 and HRF-700X photopolymers. The applicants have discovered that the pre-sensitization effect does not, in general, decrease with time. Pre-illumination can be conducted a few seconds before hologram recording or hours before hologram recording with no noticeable variation in results. In one example, five hours lapsed between pre-illumination and hologram recording with no noticeable effect on hologram quality. Pre-illumination can also be conducted with a pulsed laser source, e.g., the pulsed laser that is used to create the object and reference beams, using multiple pulses to pre-sensitize the holographic recording material. Moreover, the applicants have discovered that the amount of energy required for adequate pre-sensitization of the photopolymer films can vary depending the wavelength used and/or the wavelength used to record a hologram recorded in the pre-sensitized film. For example, the energy needed for blue pre-sensitization has been found to be approximately half that needed for green pre-sensitization.

High diffraction efficiency holograms can also be recorded using multiple pulse exposure recording. In one example, one portion of the holographic recording material is exposed to the same pulsed laser-created interference pattern multiple times. While it is important to maintain the same optical geometry setup (including the rendered computer graphics image that is typically used to modulate the object beam) from one pulse exposure to the next, pulse-to-pulse coherence is not required. Thus, lower energy pulsed lasers (or lower energy pulses from a given pulsed laser) can be used by providing multiple pulse exposure. The highest diffraction efficiencies are achieved where the time between pulses used for multiple pulse exposure is not too short. For example, in an experiment where holograms were recorded in a 25 mm.sup.2 area using six 35 ns pulses of 0.5 mJ/cm.sup.2, 100 Hz, 1 kHz, and 10 kHz pulse frequencies produced diffraction efficiencies of 89%, 83%, and 12% respectively. Additionally, the multiple pulse exposures need not use the same laser-created interference pattern for each exposure. In an example where the object beam of the system is modulated by an SLM, the first exposure can be created using a "white" image (e.g. a white screen as displayed on the SLM) while the second exposure can be created using the desired image.

Experiments have shown that typical photopolymers have different responses to laser pulse exposure and CW laser exposure. In general for CW laser exposure, recorded holograms show maximum diffraction efficiency when the photopolymer is saturated, and overexposure does not decrease the diffraction efficiency of recorded holograms. However, photopolymers can exhibit a decrease in the diffraction efficiency of recorded holograms if the photopolymer is overexposed with one or more laser pulses.

Tables 1-3 show the results of several other experiments. In each table, the diffraction efficiency of the pulsed laser recorded holograms is shown. For each of the experiments, a pulsed frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser (532 nm) was used to create an interference pattern that was recorded in a sample of DuPont OmniDex.TM. 801 photopolymer film, the sample area exposed was 5 mm by 5 mm (Tables 1 and 2) and 10 mm by 10 mm (Table 3), the pulse length was 35 ns, and reference beam was incident on the holographic recording material at an angle of 45.degree. with respect to the normal.

Table 1 shows the results from single pulse exposure experiments where the holographic recording material was pre-illuminated for 5 s with a broadband (e.g., white light) incoherent light source having an intensity of 0.5 mW/cm.sup.2. Diffraction efficiency in excess of 90% was obtained. Experiments with the amount of pre-illumination using a halogen white-light showed best results where the total amount of pre-illumination energy was approximately 2.5 mJ/cm.sup.2 (e.g., approximately 6 seconds exposure to a halogen source having an intensity of 0.4 mW/cm.sup.2). Diffraction efficiency of recorded holograms tended to decrease when the pre-illumination energy was less than or greater than 2.5 mJ/cm.sup.2.

TABLE 1 Pulse Energy per Sample Pulse Energy per cm.sup.2 Efficiency (mJ/Sample) (mJ/cm.sup.2) (%) 0.1 0.4 83 0.2 0.8 80 0.3 1.2 67 0.4 1.6 87 0.5 2.0 84 0.6 2.4 85 0.7 2.8 85 0.8 3.2 87 0.9 3.6 87 0.95 3.8 91

Table 2 shows the results from multiple pulse exposure experiments where the holographic recording material was pre-illuminated for 5 s with a broadband (e.g., white light) incoherent light source having an intensity of 0.5 mW/cm.sup.2. Each pulse had an energy of 0.1 mJ, and the pulses were repeated by manual triggering. Diffraction efficiencies in excess of 90% were obtained.

TABLE 2 Total Energy per cm.sup.2 Efficiency Number of Pulses (mJ/cm.sup.2) (%) 1 0.4 61 2 0.8 82 3 1.2 90 4 1.6 87 5 2.0 89 6 2.4 90 7 2.8 92 8 3.2 92 9 3.6 92 10 4.0 93

As noted above, over exposure of the photopolymer tended to reduce the diffraction efficiency of recorded holograms. For example, cumulative exposure energies of 8-10 mJ/cm.sup.2 tended to reduce diffraction efficiency of the recorded hologram to approximately 87-88%.

Table 3 shows the results from multiple pulse exposure experiments where the holographic recording material was not pre-illuminated. Each pulse had an energy of 0.5 mJ, and the pulses were repeated by manual triggering. Diffraction efficiencies approaching 100% were obtained.

TABLE 3 Total Energy per cm.sup.2 Efficiency Number of Pulses (mJ/cm.sup.2) (%) 3 1.5 61 6 3.0 96 9 4.5 98 12 6.0 99 15 7.5 99

Experiments with red (628 nm) and blue (443 nm) laser pulses show that pre-sensitization of the photopolymer is also effective for these wavelengths as well. In one example, the photopolymer was pre-sensitized using white light and energy thresholds, (cumulative laser pulse energy) for hologram recording were 12 mJ/cm.sup.2 for red laser pulses and 5 mJ/cm.sup.2 for blue laser pulses.

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram a pulsed laser based hologram production device that can take advantage of the above-described pre-sensitization and recording techniques. Hologram recorder 100 is designed to rapidly produce horizontal-parallax-only (HPO) or full parallax holograms and particularly holographic stereograms. The main components of hologram recorder 100 are pulsed laser 110, synchronized holographic recording material translating system 120, object beam optical system 130 and reference beam optical system 140. Although hologram recorder 100 is shown having only one pulsed laser, hologram recorder 100 can in general be constructed with several different pulsed lasers (or one pulsed laser capable of providing laser output at multiple wavelengths) to enable recording of multi-color holograms and holographic stereograms. Thus, the systems and methods described in the aforementioned '581 application can be extended to the use of pulsed laser hologram recorders such as recorder 100.

An example of a pulsed laser 110 that can be used in hologram recorder 100 is the 212 Series (e.g., model 212S-532-3500) diode-pumped, Q-switched pulsed Nd:YAG laser manufactured by Lightwave Electronics Corporation of Mountain View, Calif. Those having ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize that a variety of different pulsed lasers can be used in hologram recorder 100. In general, the laser wavelength, laser pulse power, and laser pulse energy of a particular pulsed laser system are the determining factors for use in a hologram recorder.

For multiple color, e.g., red-green-blue (RGB), laser pulses, a variety of different laser systems can be used including diode-pumped solid state lasers, flash-lamp pumped solid state lasers, and dye lasers. Typical solid-state laser gain media include ruby, sapphire, garnet, alexandrite, Titanium sapphire (Ti:sapphire), Neodimium:Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Nd:YAG), and Neodimium:Yttrium Lithium Fluoride (Nd:YLF). In one example, optical parametric oscillators (OPOs) are used to down convert laser frequency. For example, a frequency tripled Nd:YAG laser can produce 355 nm pulses which in turn drive a tunable OPO to produce pulses ranging from 410 nm to 690 nm. In another example, a Nd:YLF laser produces 1047 nm pulses which are then converted through second-harmonic generation to 523 nm pulses used to drive an OPO. Output from the OPO at 898 nm and 1256 nm can be frequency doubled through second harmonic generation to yield 449 nm and 628 nm pulses respectively. In another example, Raman converters can be utilized. The output of a pulsed alexandrite laser (e.g., 764 nm pulses) is frequency doubled through second harmonic generation to yield 382 nm pulses. These pulses then pass through a Raman cell including Deuterium Hydride (HD) gas. Careful selection of the input pulse can yield, for example, output laser pulse of 443 nm, 527 nm, and 650 nm. Other types of pump lasers, e.g., Nd:YAG and Nd:YLF, and other gases for the Raman cell, e.g., Deuterium (D.sub.2) or methane (CH.sub.4), can be used. Moreover, some combination of all or some of these techniques and lasers can be used to produce the desired pulse wavelengths.

The pulsed laser beam produced by pulsed laser 110 is split into object and reference beams by the beam splitter C1, typically a polarizing beamsplitter cube. The polarizations and relative intensities of the object and reference beams (i.e., the beam ratio) are controlled by retarders P1 and P2, typically half-wave plates.

Because holographic recording materials typically have different sensitivities to different laser wavelengths, using multiple color laser pulses may require use of a color balancing device such as color module 150 as shown in FIG. 1A. Color module 150 typically receives a multiple color beam 155, referred to generally as a "white" beam. Dispersing prism 160 separates the incoming multiple color beam into its constituent colors. Each beam is then reflected by its associated mirror 165A, 165B, or 165C. Retarders 170A, 170B, or 170C, typically half-wave plates, in conjunction with polarizing beam splitters 175A, 175B, or 175C are used to adjust the respective beam's intensities. Thus the appropriate beam intensity for each color can be achieved. Excess beam energy is directed to beam dumps 180A, 180B, or 180C. The various beams are recombined using dichroic mirrors 185A, 185B, or 185C. The balanced output beam 190 can then be introduced into the remainder of hologram recorder 100.

The object beam is then expanded and collimated by a collimator formed through the combination of lenses L1 and L2. Next, the object beam is reflected by beamsplitter cube C2 into spatial light modulator (SLM) SLM where the object beam wavefront is intensity modulated. Spatial light modulator SLM as illustrated is a reflective SLM which rotates the polarization state of the object beam. In general, a variety of different SLMs can be used including, but not limited to, a transmissive LCD panel, a reflective LCD panel, an optically addressed LCD panel, a digital micro-mirror array, film, or a transparency. The SLM typically receives image input via a video cable from a computer system (not shown). Additionally, multiple SLMs can be used having images generated in parallel by multiple central processing units or computer systems. Thus, the response time of the SLM is typically an important parameter. Examples of SLMs for use in hologram recorder 100 include the Digital Direct Drive Image Light Amplifier (D-ILA.RTM.) series of reflective LCD devices manufactured by the Victor Company of Japan, Ltd. (JVC). Additionally, a single multiple color SLM can be used, or multiple SLMs can be used (typically one SLM for each beam color). The images displayed on the SLM, and thus the images used to intensity modulate the object beam, are typically computer graphics images (either rendered or converted images of real objects) designed and/or processed for recording as holograms.

The modulated wavefront is relayed and filtered by the lens pair L3 and L4 and aperture Al to then form an image on a band-limited diffuser or an anisotropic diffuser BLD. Note that, in general, the diffuser can be located in a variety of different positions throughout the system. The image then passes through a Fourier transform lens FTL thereby generating the desired object beam wave front at the holographic recording material positioned on recording plate RP. Note that although hologram recorder 100 is shown using lens pair L3 and L4, to, for example, remove undesired effects such as, but not limited to, high frequency image components such as pixel or grid artifacts that resulted from an SLM display with pixels, a variety of different optical systems can be used.

In reference beam optical system 140, the reference beam is transmitted through path length matching optics (mirrors M1, M2, M3, and M4) and illuminates the reference beam-shaping aperture A2. Path length matching optics are used to adjust the path length of the reference beam path to match that of the object beam, or to at least bring the two paths within a distance of each other that is less than or equal to the coherence length of pulsed laser 110. For some pulsed lasers, the coherence length can be on the order of several millimeters. The image of shaping aperture A2 is then relayed via reference beam relay optics L5 and L6 to the holographic recording material at recording plate RP. As shown, the angle of incidence of the reference beam with respect to the surface normal of the holographic recording material at recording plate RP is preferably oblique, and further preferably approximates 45.degree.. In other examples, the angle of incidence of the reference beam with respect to the surface normal of the holographic recording material is approximately 0.degree.. A variety of different techniques can be used steer either or both of the reference beam and the object beam. For example, the devices and techniques of the aforementioned '581 application can be utilized. Finally, the object and reference beams are superimposed at the holographic recording material on recording plate RP producing the interference pattern required for hologram (or hogel) recording.

In the example of FIG. 1, the optics systems 130 and 140 are generally kept stationary during the operation of hologram recorder 100 while the synchronized holographic recording material translating system 120 is used to reposition the holographic film located at recording plate RP for each hogel that is recorded. Synchronized holographic recording material translating system 120 is typically a computer controlled x-y translation system. In one example, synchronized holographic recording material translating system 120 includes a 300AT series positioning system manufactured by the Daedal Division (Irwin, Pa.) of the Parker Hannifin Corporation and an ACR2000 position controller manufactured by Acroloop Motion Control Systems, Inc., of Chaska, Minn. The synchronization of holographic recording material translation, SLM computer graphics image display, and laser pulsing is further described below in conjunction with FIGS. 4-8. Alternately, the optics system can be designed to move or to provide the object and reference beams at varying locations as described, for example, in the '581 application.

It should be noted that it is well within the skill of one having ordinary skill in the art to substitute different optical components for many of the specific optical components shown in FIG. 1. For example, a variety of different polarizing devices, beam splitters, collimating optics, lenses, SLMs and mirrors can be used in hologram recorder 100. Additionally, although FIG. 1 illustrates a system for producing reflection holograms, systems for producing transmission holograms using the devices and techniques described above can also be implemented.

FIG. 2 illustrates an optical path length matching device 200 for use in a hologram recorder 100. Optical path length matching device 200 is a more detailed example of path length matching optics, such as mirrors M1, M2, M3, and M4 of FIG. 1. In order to create a suitable interference pattern using the object and reference beams, it is desirable to maintain the coherence of the two laser beams. The temporal coherence of a laser is often measured in terms of the laser's coherence length, that is the distance the beam will travel during which it remains coherent. For many pulsed lasers the coherence length is only on the order of several millimeters. If the difference in the path lengths of the object and reference beams is greater than the laser's coherence length, the two beams will no longer be coherent and an adequate interference pattern cannot be formed. Optical path length matching device 200 allows hologram recorder 100 to use a pulsed laser with a small coherence length yet still achieve adequate hologram recording.

The reference beam is received from pulsed laser 110 at mirror M1 which reflects the beam to mirror M2. Mirror M1 is typically located at a fixed position in optical path length matching device 200. Mirrors M2 and M3 are mounted together on a movable carrier 220 which is allowed to slide along a straight rail 210. Because of the straightness and rigidity of rail 210, the moving path of the carrier remains parallel to the beam path from mirror M1 to mirror M2 and from mirror M3 to mirror M4. From mirror M4, the reference beam is reflected toward reference beam shaping aperture A2 and on toward the holographic recording material at recording plate RP. Moving the carrier varies the total optical path of reference beam optical system 140 while maintaining beam alignment. Fine position adjustment (e.g., using an attached micrometer) of movable carrier 220 allows the path lengths of the object and reference beams, at least when measured at the respective centers of the beams, to be within microns of each other. The position of movable carrier 220 can be manually adjusted by a hologram recorder operator visualizing a sample interference pattern created using the object and reference beams or computer adjusted using an automatic feedback system that monitors fringe contrast in a sample interference pattern created using the object and reference beams.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of an object-beam/reference-beam interferometer 300 for use in hologram recorder 100 and preferably in conjunction with an optical path length matching device such as optical path length matching device 200. Object-beam/reference-beam interferometer 300 allows an operator of hologram recorder 100 to visualize the interference pattern generated by the superposition of the object and reference beams. Half-mirrored beam combiner HM receives the object beam from previously described Fourier transform lens FTL. A pattern-magnifying lens PML is positioned between half-mirrored beam combiner HM and a projection screen 310 located in the far field. When object-beam/reference-beam interferometer 300 is in use (e.g., in conjunction with the adjustment of the optical path length for the reference beam) half-mirrored beam combiner HM is placed at a point where the object and reference beams overlap. The object beam (illustrated in FIG. 3 as solid lines) transmits through the half-mirrored beam combiner HM while the reference beam (illustrated in FIG. 3 as dashed lines) is reflected by half-mirrored beam combiner HM. By adjusting the angle of half-mirrored beam combiner HM, the object and reference beams can be aligned in front of pattern-magnifying lens PML to form a low frequency interference pattern. Pattern-magnifying lens PML magnifies interference pattern for display on screen 310 for analysis.

Analysis of the fringes can be conducted by a hologram recorder operator. For example, while adjusting the position of movable carrier 220 in optical path length matching device 200 the operator of hologram recorder 100 can observe changes in the interference pattern formed by the object and reference beams. The best optical path length match is indicated by the highest interference fringe contrast observed on screen 310. Typically, a photodetector is used to measure the fringe contrast of the interference pattern either by examining the interference pattern projected on screen 310 or by being positioned in the place of screen 310 to receive the interference pattern. With appropriate detection circuitry, the photodetector can provide a signal for use in adjusting the optical pathlength of reference beam optical system 140.

In addition to assisting in the optical path length matching process, object-beam/reference-beam interferometer 300 can also be used to check hologram recorder 100 system polarization. Object-beam/reference-beam interferometer 300 can also be used to monitor system stability including the presence of undesirable vibrations.

Although hologram recorder 100 of FIG. 1 can, in general, be used to produce HPO holograms, certain system optimizations can be made to produce a recorder more suitable for HPO holograms. As is well known in the art, an HPO hologram does not contain any vertical parallax information and thus its production uses significantly less data than a full-parallax hologram. Moreover, the recording time for an HPO hologram can be significantly shorter than that for a full-parallax hologram. HPO holograms typically have a different hogel structure as compared to full-parallax holograms. Instead of square hogels, or at least hogels having a roughly one-to-one aspect ratio, HPO holograms typically use stretched rectangular hogels having larger aspect ratios. The length of an HPO hogel is usually equal to the entire vertical dimension of the hologram. In addition, recording HPO holograms typically requires film translation (or alternately optics translation) in only one dimension. Due to these differences, a recording mechanism for HPO holograms can be implemented in a number of different ways.

FIG. 4 illustrates one example of a pulsed laser based hologram production device optimized for production of HPO holograms and taking advantage of the above-described pre-sensitization and recording techniques. Hologram recorder 400 is designed to rapidly produce HPO holograms and particularly holographic stereograms. The main components of hologram recorder 400 are pulsed laser 410 (generally similar to pulsed laser 110 described above), synchronized holographic recording material translating system 420, object beam optical system 430 and reference beam optical system 440. Although hologram recorder 400 is shown having only one pulsed laser, hologram recorder 400 can in general be constructed with several different pulsed lasers (or one pulsed laser capable of providing laser output at multiple wavelengths) to enable recording of multi-color holograms and holographic stereograms. Thus, the systems and methods described in the aforementioned '581 application can be extended to the use of pulsed laser hologram recorders such as recorder 400.

The pulsed laser beam produced by pulsed laser 410 is split into object and reference beams by the beam splitter C1, typically a polarizing beamsplitter cube. The polarizations and relative intensities of the object and reference beams (i.e., the beam ratio) are controlled by retarders P1 and P2, typically half-wave plates. Because holographic recording materials typically have different sensitivities to different laser wavelengths, using multiple color laser pulses may require use of a color balancing device such as color module 150 as shown in FIG. 1A and described above.

Referring to object beam optical system 430, the object beam is expanded and collimated by a collimator formed through the combination of lenses L1 and L2. Next, the object beam is reflected by beamsplitter cube C2 into spatial light modulator (SLM) SLM where the object beam wavefront is intensity modulated. Spatial light modulator SLM as illustrated is a reflective SLM which rotates the polarization state of the object beam. In general, a variety of different SLMs can be used including, but not limited to, a transmissive LCD panel, a reflective LCD panel, an optically addressed LCD panel, a digital micro-mirror array, film, a projection or a transparency. The SLM typically receives image input via a video cable from a computer system (not shown). Additionally, multiple SLMs can be used having images generated in parallel by multiple central processing units or computer systems. Thus, the response time of the SLM is typically an important parameter. Examples of SLMs for use in hologram recorder 400 include the Digital Direct Drive Image Light Amplifier (D-ILA.RTM.) series of reflective LCD devices manufactured by the Victor Company of Japan, Ltd. (JVC). Additionally, a single multiple color SLM can be used, or multiple SLMs can be used (typically one SLM for each beam color). The images displayed on the SLM, and thus the images used to intensity modulate the object beam, are typically computer graphics images (either rendered or converted images of real objects) designed and/or processed for recording as holograms.

The modulated wavefront is relayed and filtered by the lens pair L3 and L4 and aperture A1 to then form an image on a band-limited diffuser or an anisotropic diffuser BLD'. Although BLD' can be the same as or similar to BLD of hologram recorder 100, BLD' can also be a band limited diffuser designed specifically for HPO hologram production as will be described below. Moreover, the diffuser can be located in a variety of different positions throughout the system. The image then passes through a Fourier-transform cylindrical lens FCL thereby generating the desired object beam wave front and forming a "line" shaped hogel exposing area at the holographic recording material positioned on recording plate RP. Since FCL has power only in one dimension, it provides a one-dimensional view zone for the resultant hologram. This view zone is in the horizontal orientation of the hologram to provide the horizontal parallax. To broaden the vertical view zone for the hologram, additional optics denoted as the vertical diffuser VD (described below) can be optionally inserted just before the recording plate RP. If it is desirable to keep the vertical view zone narrow, vertical diffuser VD may not be needed. Alternately, vertical diffuser VD can be located in a different portion of the system. Note that although hologram recorder 400 is shown using lens pair L3 and L4, to, for example, remove undesired effects such as, but not limited to, high frequency image components such as pixel or grid artifacts that resulted from an SLM display with pixels, a variety of different lens systems can be used.

In reference beam optical system 440, the reference beam is transmitted through path length matching optics (mirrors M1, M2, M3, and M4 and as described in greater detail with respect to FIG. 2) and illuminates lens L5'. Path length matching optics are used to adjust the path length of the reference beam path to match that of the object beam, or to at least bring the two paths within a length of each other that is less than or equal to the coherence length of pulsed laser 410. For some pulsed lasers, the coherence length can be on the order of several millimeters.

Next, the reference beam goes through two sets of beam shaping optics. The lens pair L5' and L6' forms a telescope that corrects reference beam divergence and focuses the beam at recording plane RP. After this telescope, cylindrical lens pair CL1 and CL2 serves as a one-dimensional beam expander and collimator so that after lens CL2, the reference beam has the appropriate shape, e.g., a light "ribbon". The length of the image should be long enough to cover the entire vertical dimension of the final hologram. The width of the image, which has a Gaussian profile, is made very thin by adjusting the telescope formed by L5' and L6'. Note that instead of cylindrical optics, other optics can be used to produce the desired reference beam shape. For example, a Powell lens (a particular type of lens having an aspheric tip) can be used to generate a line of quasi-even intensity light. The image width, typically on the order of 100 microns, determines the hogel resolution on the recording plane. After the beam shaping, the reference beam is folded by M5' and then deflected 45.degree. by a diffraction grating GT before illuminating the recording plane. As shown, the angle of incidence of the reference beam with respect to the surface normal of the holographic recording material at recording plate RP is preferably oblique, and further preferably approximates 45.degree.. In other examples, the angle of incidence of the reference beam with respect to the surface normal of the holographic recording material is approximately 0.degree.. Finally, the object and reference beams are superimposed at the holographic recording material on recording plate RP producing the interference pattern required for hologram (or hogel) recording.

In the example of FIG. 4, the optics systems 430 and 440 are generally kept stationary during the operation of hologram recorder 400 while the synchronized holographic recording material translating system 420 is used to reposition the holographic film located at recording plate RP for each hogel that is recorded. Synchronized holographic recording material translating system 420 is generally similar to translating system 120, but need only translate the holographic recording material in one dimension. Examples of such translation systems and their control mechanisms are described elsewhere in this application. Alternately, the optics system can be designed to move or to provide the object and reference beams at varying locations as described, for example, in the '581 application.

It should be noted that it is well within the skill of one having ordinary skill in the art to substitute different optical components for many of the specific optical components shown in FIG. 4. For example, a variety of different polarizing devices, beam splitters, collimating optics, lenses, SLMs and mirrors can be used in hologram recorder 400. Additionally, although FIG. 1 illustrates a system for producing reflection holograms, systems for producing transmission holograms using the devices and techniques described above can also be implemented.

As compared with hologram recorder 100, hologram recorder 400 includes several components tailored to the task of producing HPO holograms. For example, BLD' can be designe