X-ray CT apparatus Number:7,522,696 from the United States Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) owispatent An X-ray CT apparatus includes an X-ray data acquisition device for acquiring X-ray projection data transmitted through a subject lying between an X-ray generator and an X-ray detector having a two-dimensional detection plane and detecting X rays in opposition to the X-ray generator, while the X-ray generator and the X-ray detector are being rotated about a center of rotation lying there between; an image reconstructing device for image-reconstructing the acquired projection data; an image display device for displaying the image-reconstructed tomographic image; and an imaging condition setting device for setting various kinds of imaging conditions for tomographic image, wherein the X-ray data acquisition device acquires X-ray projection data in sync with an external sync signal by a helical scan with a predetermined range of the subject with a helical pitch set to 1 or more.<H apparatus, ray, X, ray, CT, appara, 7522696.html, Patent, pto, 7522696

Title: X-ray CT apparatus

Abstract: An X-ray CT apparatus includes an X-ray data acquisition device for acquiring X-ray projection data transmitted through a subject lying between an X-ray generator and an X-ray detector having a two-dimensional detection plane and detecting X rays in opposition to the X-ray generator, while the X-ray generator and the X-ray detector are being rotated about a center of rotation lying there between; an image reconstructing device for image-reconstructing the acquired projection data; an image display device for displaying the image-reconstructed tomographic image; and an imaging condition setting device for setting various kinds of imaging conditions for tomographic image, wherein the X-ray data acquisition device acquires X-ray projection data in sync with an external sync signal by a helical scan with a predetermined range of the subject with a helical pitch set to 1 or more.

Patent Number: 7,522,696 Issued on 04/21/2009 to Imai

Inventors: Imai; Yasuhiro (Tokyo, JP)
Assignee: General Electric Company (Schenectady, NY)

Appl. No.: 11/620,627

Filed: January 5, 2007

Foreign Application Priority Data


Apr 06, 2006 [JP]			2006-105749

Current U.S. Class: 378/8 ; 378/15

Current International Class: G01N 23/083 (20060101); H05G 1/62 (20060101)

Field of Search: 378/8,15,95 600/428

References Cited [Referenced By]

U.S. Patent Documents


5271055	December 1993	Hsieh et al.
5708691	January 1998	Zmora
5825842	October 1998	Taguchi
5828718	October 1998	Ruth et al.
5848117	December 1998	Urchuk et al.
5966422	October 1999	Dafni et al.
5974108	October 1999	Taguchi et al.
6072851	June 2000	Sivers
6118839	September 2000	Dafni et al.
6154516	November 2000	Heuscher et al.
6185275	February 2001	Toth et al.
6275560	August 2001	Blake et al.
6466640	October 2002	Taguchi
6470066	October 2002	Takagi et al.
6708052	March 2004	Mao et al.
6760399	July 2004	Malamud
6763082	July 2004	Ozaki
6865248	March 2005	Rasche et al.
6865250	March 2005	Londt et al.
2004/0008819	January 2004	Drummond et al.
2004/0077941	April 2004	Reddy et al.
2004/0179644	September 2004	Tsuyuki
2005/0089133	April 2005	Tsuyuki

Foreign Patent Documents


2004-208715	Jul., 2004	JP

Other References

Japanese search report from foreign parent application. cited by other.

Primary Examiner: Glick; Edward J
Assistant Examiner: Artman; Thomas R
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Fisher Patent Group, LLC Fisher; Thomas M.

Claims

The invention claimed is:

1. An X-ray CT apparatus comprising: an X-ray data acquisition device for acquiring X-ray projection data transmitted through a subject lying between an X-ray generator and an X-ray detector having a two-dimensional detection plane by a helical scan which acquires X-ray projection data, while said X-ray generator and said X-ray detector are being rotated about a center of rotation lying therebetween with said X-ray generator and said X-ray detector moving relative to the subject lying therebetween; an image reconstructing device for image-reconstructing said acquired projection data; an image display device for displaying an image-reconstructed tomographic image; and an imaging condition setting device for setting various kinds of imaging conditions for a tomographic image, wherein said X-ray data acquisition device includes a first device for a high pitch helical scan using a helical pitch capable for scanning a whole heart of the subject within a time of one heart-beat in synchronization with a predetermined phase in one cycle of a cardiac signal of said subject.

2. The X-ray CT apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said helical pitch capable for scanning a whole heart of the subject within a time of one heart-beat is 1 or more, wherein said helical pitch is defined by a ratio S/D, wherein D is a width of X-ray beam irradiated from said X-ray generator in relative moving direction of said X-ray generator and said X-ray detector to a subject and S is an amount of said relative movement.

3. The X-ray CT apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said X-ray data acquisition device further comprises a second device for a low pitch helical scan using a helical pitch smaller than that of the high pitch helical scan, and said X-ray CT apparatus further comprises a selecting device for selecting one of the high pitch helical scan and the low pitch helical scan.

4. The X-ray CT apparatus according to claim 3, further comprises a deciding device for deciding whether the high pitch helical scan is possible to be properly carried out, and said selecting device selects one of the high pitch helical scan and the low pitch helical scan based on the decision obtained by said deciding device.

5. The X-ray CT apparatus according to claim 4, wherein said deciding device includes a device for reconstructing a coronal image and/or a sagittal image based on a lower dose high pitch helical scan using an X-ray dose lower than said high pitch helical scan.

6. The X-ray CT apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said first device performs X-ray data acquisition synchronized with a predetermined phase defined by a rate relative to one cycle of said cardiac signal.

7. The X-ray CT apparatus according to claim 6, wherein said first device performs X-ray data acquisition synchronized with a predetermined phase by synchronizing a center of a helical scan range with a timing of 75.+-.5% of one cycle later than an R wave.

8. The X-ray CT apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said first device performs X-ray data acquisition synchronized with a predetermined phase defined by an absolute time period from said cardiac signal.

9. The X-ray CT apparatus according to claim 8, wherein said first device performs X-ray data acquisition synchronized with a predetermined phase by synchronizes a center of a helical scan range with a timing 0.5 second later than an R wave.

10. An X-ray CT imaging method comprising: an X-ray data acquisition step for acquiring X-ray projection data transmitted through a subject lying between an X-ray generator and an X-ray detector having a two-dimensional detection plane by a helical scan which acquires X-ray projection data while said X-ray generator and said X-ray detector are being rotated about a center of rotation lying therebetween with said X-ray generator and said X-ray detector moving relative to the subject lying therebetween; and an image reconstructing step for image-reconstructing said acquired projection data; wherein said X-ray data acquisition step includes a first step for a high pitch helical scan using a helical pitch capable for scanning a whole heart of the subject within a time of one heart-beat in synchronization with a predetermined phase in one cycle of a cardiac signal of said subject.

11. The X-ray CT imaging method according to claim 10, wherein said helical pitch capable for scanning a whole heart of the subject within a time of one heart-beat is 1 or more, wherein said helical pitch is defined by a ratio S/D, wherein D is a width of an X-ray beam irradiated from said X-ray generator in relative moving direction of said X-ray generator and said X-ray detector to a subject and S is an amount of said relative movement.

12. The X-ray CT imaging method according to claim 10, wherein said X-ray data acquisition step further comprises a second step for a low pitch helical scan using a helical pitch smaller than that of the high pitch helical scan, and said X-ray CT imaging method further comprises a selecting step for selecting one of the high pitch helical scan and the low pitch helical scan.

13. The X-ray CT imaging method according to claim 12, further comprises a deciding step for deciding whether the high pitch helical scan is possible to be properly carried out, and said selecting step includes selecting one of the high pitch helical scan and the low pitch helical scan based on the decision obtained by said deciding device.

14. The X-ray CT imaging method according to claim 13, wherein said deciding step includes a step for reconstructing a coronal image and/or a sagittal image based on a lower dose high pitch helical scan using an X-ray dose lower than said high pitch helical scan.

15. The X-ray CT imaging method according to claim 10, wherein said first step includes performing an X-ray data acquisition synchronized with a predetermined phase defined by a rate relative to one cycle of said cardiac signal.

16. The X-ray CT imaging method according to claim 15, wherein said first step performs X-ray data acquisition synchronized with a predetermined phase by synchronizing a center of a helical scan range with a timing of 75.+-.5% of one cycle later than an R wave.

17. The X-ray CT imaging method according to claim 10, wherein said first step performs X-ray data acquisition in synchronization with a predetermined phase defined by an absolute time period from said cardiac signal.

18. The X-ray CT imaging method according to claim 17, wherein said first step performs X-ray data acquisition in synchronization with a predetermined phase by synchronizing a center of a helical scan range with a timing 0.5 second later than an R wave.

Description

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of Japanese patent application number 2006-105749 filed Apr. 6, 2006.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to an X-ray CT apparatus or a technique for an X-ray CT image photographing or imaging method, which realize cardiac imaging or biological synchronous imaging based on low radiation exposure, high image quality and high-speed photography by an electrocardiographically-synchronized helical scan, variable-pitch helical scan or helical shuttle scan at a medical X-ray CT (Computed Tomography) apparatus.

In an X-ray CT apparatus using a multi-row X-ray detector or an X-ray CT apparatus using a two-dimensional X-ray area detector of a matrix structure typified by a flat panel, the photography of the heart has heretofore been performed by a helical scan electrocardiographically synchronized at a helical pitch made slow by a helical pitch 0.2 or so as shown in FIG. 16. As the technique of photographing or imaging such as a heart by the helical scan, a patent document 1 has been known.

The present imaging method involves a problem in terms of X-ray exposure because of the low helical pitch. Data acquisition in which one segment is defined as fan angles+180.degree. is shown in FIG. 16. However, as in the case in which multi-segment image reconstruction is taken as shown in FIGS. 17 and 18 to adapt to various heartbeats, problems arise even in terms of image quality as in the case of the occurrence of artifacts due to displacements in X-ray projection data between respective segments, the occurrence of banding artifacts in the direction orthogonal to a z direction parallel to an xy plane at a three-dimensional display as shown in FIG. 20, and the like.

[Patent Document 1] Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2003-164446

Assuming that, for example, an X ray having a beam width of 40 mm is used and imaging is done at a helical pitch 0.2, an imaging area is moved 8 mm per one scan rotation. Therefore, there is a need to carry out imaging corresponding to 15 rotations of a gantry for the purpose of imaging or photographing a heart whose overall length is 12 cm or so. Radiation dose reduction is typically desirable and it is desirable to reduce any X-ray projection data that may be unused in the actual diagnosis exist in large quantities, as well as about an exposed dose equivalent to greater than or equal to 5 times as compared with a conventional scan (axial scan) which enables imaging of 40 mm minutes per rotation of gantry. On the other hand, since a z direction X-ray detector width is not yet sufficient in the normal conventional scan (axial scan), data acquisition per rotation is not capable of covering the whole heart.

Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide an X-ray CT apparatus capable of realizing the photography or imaging of a heart at a low dosage and a high speed and with good image quality by a helical scan, variable pitch helical scan or helical shuttle scan of the X-ray CT apparatus having a multi-row X-ray detector or a two-dimensional X-ray area detector of matrix structure typified by a flat panel X-ray detector.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In a first aspect, the present invention provides an X-ray CT apparatus including an X-ray data acquisition device for acquiring X-ray projection data transmitted through a subject lying between an X-ray generator and an X-ray detector having a two-dimensional detection plane and detecting X rays in opposition to the X-ray generator, while the X-ray generator and the X-ray detector are being rotated about a center of rotation lying therebetween; an image reconstructing device for image-reconstructing the acquired projection data; an image display device for displaying the image-reconstructed tomographic image; and an imaging condition setting device for setting various kinds of imaging conditions for tomographic image, wherein the X-ray data acquisition device acquires X-ray projection data in sync with an external sync signal by a helical scan with a predetermined range of the subject with a helical pitch set to 1 or more.

In another aspect the present invention provides an X-ray CT apparatus including an X-ray data acquisition device for acquiring X-ray projection data transmitted through a subject lying between an X-ray generator and an X-ray deter having a two-dimensional detection plane and detecting X rays in opposition to the X-ray generator, while the X-ray generator and the X-ray deter are being rotated about the center of rotation lying therebetween; an image reconstructing device for image-reconstructing the acquired projection data; an image display device for displaying the image-reconstructed tomographic image; and an imaging condition setting device for setting various imaging conditions for a tomographic image, wherein the X-ray data acquisition device performs X-ray data acquisition with a timing at which a predetermined imaging position in a z direction that is a relative travel direction between the subject and an X-ray data acquisition system including the X-ray generator and the X-ray detector is synchronized with a predetermined phase of an external sync signal, upon imaging a predetermined range of the subject by a helical scan.

In yet another aspect, the present invention provides an X-ray CT apparatus including an X-ray data acquisition device for acquiring X-ray projection data transmitted through a subject lying between an X-ray generator and an X-ray detector having a two-dimensional detection plane and detecting X-rays in opposition to the X-ray generator, while the X-ray generator and the X-ray detector are being rotated about a center of rotation lying therebetween; an image reconstructing device for image-reconstructing the acquired projection data; an image display device for displaying the image-reconstructed tomographic image; and an imaging condition setting device for setting various kinds of imaging conditions for tomographic image, wherein the X-ray data acquisition device includes a first X-ray data acquisition device for performing first X-ray data acquisition based on a first imaging condition defined in such a manner that a predetermined imaging position in a z direction that is a relative travel direction between the subject and an X-ray data acquisition system including the X-ray generator and the X-ray detector is synchronized with a predetermined phase of an external sync signal, upon imaging a predetermined range of the subject by a helical scan, and a second X-ray data acquisition device for performing second X-ray data acquisition based on a second imaging condition defined in such a manner that the predetermined imaging position is more properly synchronized with the predetermined phase of the external sync signal, upon imaging the predetermined range by the helical scan based on the tomographic image obtained by image-reconstructing the X-ray projection data obtained by the first X-ray data acquisition device, and wherein the image reconstructing device image-reconstructs X-ray projection data acquired by the first and second X-ray data acquisition devices.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an X-ray CT apparatus according to one embodiment of the present invention

FIG. 2 is an explanatory diagram of an X-ray generator (X-ray tube) and a multi-row X-ray detector as viewed in an xy plane.

FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram of the X-ray generator and the multi-row X-ray detector as viewed in a yz plane.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating the flow of subject photography.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart showing a schematic operation for image reconstruction, of the X-ray CT apparatus according to the one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart depicting the details of a pre-process.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating the details of a three-dimensional image reconstructing process.

FIG. 8 is a conceptual diagram showing a state in which lines on an image reconstruction area are projected in an X-ray penetration direction.

FIG. 9 is a conceptual diagram illustrating lines projected onto an X-ray detector plane.

FIG. 10 is a conceptual diagram showing a state in which projection data Dr (view, x, y) is projected onto an image reconstruction area.

FIG. 11 is a conceptual diagram illustrating backprojection pixel data D2 of respective pixels on an image reconstruction area.

FIG. 12 is an explanatory diagram depicting a state in which backprojection pixel data D2 are added together over all views in association with pixels to obtain backprojection data D3.

FIG. 13 is a conceptual diagram showing a state in which lines on a circular image reconstruction area are projected in an X-ray penetration direction.

FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating an imaging or photographing condition input screen of the X-ray CT apparatus.

FIG. 15 is a diagram depicting examples of a volume rendering three-dimensional image display method, an MPR image display method and a three-dimensional MIP image display method.

FIG. 16 is an explanatory diagram showing helical scan half scan (180.degree.+fan angle) image reconstruction of one segment synchronized with a biological signal.

FIG. 17 is an explanatory diagram illustrating helical half scan (180.degree.+fan angles) image reconstruction divided into three segments.

FIG. 18 is an explanatory diagram depicting helical full scan (360.degree.) image reconstruction divided into four segments.

FIG. 19 is a diagram showing weighted addition of projection data on respective segments.

FIG. 20 is a diagram illustrating band artifacts at a cardiac three-dimensional display.

FIG. 21 is a flowchart illustrating conventional cardiac photography

FIG. 22(a) is a diagram showing the waveform of an electrocardiographic signal of a subject.

FIG. 22(b) is a diagram illustrating a sync signal based on a cardiac phase.

FIG. 22(c) is a diagram depicting a sync signal based on a cardiac triggered phase.

FIG. 23 is a flowchart of a first embodiment.

FIG. 24 is a diagram showing a mesodiastolic cardiac coronal image.

FIG. 25 is a diagram showing the relationship between a helical scan at an actual scan and a cardiac periodic signal.

FIG. 26 is a diagram illustrating the relationship between a helical scan at an actual scan and a cardiac periodic signal where a cardiac period is made long.

FIG. 27 is a diagram showing the relationship between a helical scan at an actual scan and a cardiac periodic signal where a cardiac period is made short.

FIG. 28 is a diagram depicting the flow of a contrast agent synchronous imaging process.

FIG. 29 is a diagram showing an intermittent scan for a monitor scan

FIG. 30(a) is a diagram illustrating a baseline tomographic image.

FIG. 30(b) is a diagram showing a display example of a monitor scan for contrast agent synchronous photography.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention will hereinafter be explained in further detail by embodiments illustrated in the figures. Incidentally, the present invention is not limited to or by the illustrated embodiments.

FIG. 1 is a configuration block diagram showing an X-ray CT apparatus according to one embodiment of the present invention. The X-ray CT apparatus 100 is equipped with an operation console 1, an imaging or photographing table 10 and a scan gantry 20.

The operation console 1 includes an input device 2 which accepts an input from an operator, a central processing unit 3 which executes a pre-process, an image reconstructing process, a post-process, etc., a data acquisition buffer 5 which acquires or collects X-ray detector data acquired by the scan gantry 20, a monitor 6 which displays a tomographic image image-reconstructed from projection data obtained by pre-processing the X-ray detector data, and a storage device 7 which stores programs, X-ray detector data, projection data and X-ray tomographic images therein.

An input for imaging or photographing conditions is inputted from the input device 2 and stored in the storage device 7. FIG. 14 shows an example of an imaging condition input screen. An input button 13a for performing a predetermined input is displayed on the imaging condition input screen 13A. FIG. 14 illustrates a screen on which a scan tab is being selected. When P-Recon is selected as the tab, an input display is switched as plotted below FIG. 14. A tomographic image 13b is displayed above the input button 13a and a reconstruction area 13c is displayed down below. Biological signals such as a respiratory signal, an electrocardiographic signal, etc. may be displayed as displayed on the upper right side if necessary.

The photographing table 10 includes a cradle 12 that draws and inserts a subject from and into a bore or aperture of the scan gantry 20 with the subject placed thereon. The cradle 12 is elevated and moved linearly on the photographing table by a motor built in the photographing table 10.

The scan gantry 20 includes an X-ray tube 21, an X-ray controller 22, a collimator 23, a beam forming X-ray filter 28, a multi-row X-ray detector 24, a data acquisition system (DAS) 25, a rotating section controller 26 which controls the X-ray tube 21 or the like rotated about a body axis of the subject, and a control controller 29 which swaps control signals or the like with the operation console 1 and the photographing table 10. The beam forming X-ray filter 28 is an X-ray filter configured so as to be thinnest in thickness as viewed in the direction of X rays directed to the center of rotation corresponding to the center of imaging, to increase in thickness toward its peripheral portion and to be able to further absorb the X rays. Therefore, the body surface of the subject whose sectional shape is nearly circular or elliptic can be less exposed to radiation. The scan gantry 20 can be tiled about .+-.30.degree. or so forward and rearward as viewed in a z direction by a scan gantry tilt controller 27.

The X-ray tube 21 and the multi-row X-ray detector 24 are rotated about the center of rotation IC. Assuming that the vertical direction is a y direction, the horizontal direction is an x direction and the travel direction of each of the table and cradle orthogonal to these is a z direction, the plane at which the X-ray tube 21 and the multi-row X-ray detector 24 are rotated, is an xy plane. The direction in which the cradle 12 is moved, corresponds to the z direction.

An electrocardiograph 31 inputs an electrocardiographic signal of the subject therein. The waveform of the electrocardiographic signal is generally represented as shown in FIG. 22(a). Assuming that a cardiac or heart rate is 75 bpm (beat per minute), a cardiac cycle or period becomes 0.8 seconds and such electrocardiographic waveforms (P wave, QRS wave, T wave and U wave) as shown in the drawing appear within this period. The cardiac atria excites and cont with the timing of the P wave, thereby allowing bloodstream from each of a large vein and a pulmonary vein to flows into the ventricular side. At the timing of its subsequent QRS wave, the cardiac atria simmers down from its excitation and the cardiac ventricle or chamber excites and contracts, thereby squeezing the bloodstream of the cardiac chamber into a main a and a pulmonary artery. At the timing of the subsequent T wave, the cardiac chamber simmers down. And the motion of the heart becomes most gradual at the timing (cardiac phase 75%) of the subsequent U wave. Since the electrocardiograph 31 is connected to the control controller 29, the control controller 29 is capable of performing a scan while a scan operation is being synchronized with the heartbeat.

FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a geometrical arrangement or layout of the X-ray tube 21 and the multi-row X-ray detector 24 as viewed from the xy plane. FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a geometrical arrangement or layout of the X-ray tube 21 and the multi-row X-ray detector 24 as viewed from a yz direction. The X-ray tube 21 generates an X-ray beam called a cone beam CB. When the direction of a central axis of the cone beam CB is parallel to the y direction, this is defined as a view angle 0.degree..

The multi-row X-ray detector 24 has X-ray detector rows corresponding to J rows, for example, 256 rows as viewed in the z direction. Each of the X-ray detector rows has X-ray detector channels corresponding to I channels, for example, 1024 channels as viewed in a channel direction.

In FIG. 2, an X-ray beam emitted from the X-ray focal point of the X-ray tube 21 is set such that more X rays are irradiated at the center of a reconstruction area P by the beam forming X-ray filter 28 and less X rays are irradiated at a peripheral portion thereof thereby. After X-ray dosage has been spatially controlled in this way, the X rays are absorbed into a subject existing inside the reconstruction area P, and the penetrated X rays are acquired or collected by the multi-row X-ray detector 24 as X-ray detector data.

In FIG. 3, the X-ray beam emitted from the X-ray focal point of the X-ray tube 21 is controlled in the direction of slice thickness of a tomographic image by the X-ray collimator 23. That is, the X-ray beam is controlled in such a manner that an X-ray beam width becomes D at the center or central axis of rotation IC. The X-rays are absorbed into the subject existing in the neighborhood of the central axis of rotation IC, and the penetrated X-rays are acquired by the multi-row X-ray detector 24 as X-ray detector data

The X-rays are applied to the subject and acquired projection data are A/D converted by the data acquisition system (DAS) 25 from the multi-row X-ray detector 24, which in turn are inputted to the data acquisition buffer 5 via a slip ring 30. The data inputted to the data acquisition buffer 5 are processed by the central processing unit 3 in accordance with the corresponding program stored in the storage device 7, so that the data are image-reconstructed as a tomographic image, followed by being displayed on the monitor 6. Incidentally, although the multi-row X-ray detector 24 is applied in the present embodiment, a two-dimensional X-ray area detector of a matrix structure typified by a flat panel X-ray detector can also be applied, or a one-row type X-ray detector can be applied.

(Operation Flowchart of X-ray CT Apparatus)

FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing the rough outline of operation of the X-ray CT apparatus according to the present embodiment.

At Step P1, a subject is placed on its corresponding cradle 12 and their alignment is performed. In the subject placed on the cradle 12, a slice light central position of the scan gantry 20 is aligned with a reference point of its each portion or region.

At Step P2, scout image (called also "scano image or X-ray penetrated image") acquisition is performed. The scout image can be normally imaged or photographed at 0.degree. and 90.degree.. Only the 90.degree. scout image might be taken depending upon the region as in the case of a head, for example. The operation of fixing the X-ray tube 21 and the multi-row X-ray detector 24 and effecting data acquisition of X-ray detector data while the cradle 12 is being linearly moved, is performed upon scout image photography. The details of the photography of the scout image will be explained later in FIG. 5.

At Step P3, an imaging condition setting is performed while the position and size of a tomographic image to be photographed on the scout image is being displayed. The present embodiment has a plurality of scan patterns such as a conventional scan (axial scan), a helical scan, a variable pitch helical scan, a helical shuttle scan, etc. The conventional scan is a scan method of rotating the X-ray tube 21 and the multi-row X-ray detector 24 each time the cradle 12 is moved at predetermined intervals in a z-axis direction, thereby acquiring projection data. The helical scan is an photographing or imaging method of moving the cradle 12 at a constant speed while the data acquisition system constituted of the X-ray tube 21 and the multi-row X-ray detector 24 is being rotated, thereby acquiring projection data. The variable pitch helical scan is an imaging method of varying the speed or velocity of the cradle 12 while the data acquisition system constituted of the X-ray tube 21 and the multi-row X-ray detector 24 is being rotated in a manner similar to the helical scan, thereby acquiring projection data. The helical shuttle scan is a scan method of accelerating/decelerating the cradle 12 while the data acquisition system constituted of the X-ray tube 21 and the multi-row X-ray detector 24 is being rotated in a manner similar to the helical scan, thereby to reciprocate it in the positive or negative direction of a z axis to acquire projection data. When these plural photographies are set information about the whole X-ray dosage corresponding to one time is displayed. When the number of rotations or time is inputted upon a cine scan, information about X-ray dosage corresponding to the inputted number of rotations or time at its region of interest is displayed.

At Step P4, a tomographic image is photographed. The details of the tomographic image photography and its image reconstruction will be explained later in FIG. 5.

At Step P5, the image-reconstructed tomographic image is displayed.

At Step P6, a three-dimensional image display is performed as shown in FIG. 15 using a tomographic image continuously photographed in the z direction as a three-dimensional image.

As three-dimensional image display methods, a volume rendering three-dimensional image display method 40, a three-dimensional MIP (Maximum Intensity Projection) image display method 41, an MPR (Multi Plain Reformat) image display method 42 and a three-dimensional reprojection image display method are shown in FIG. 15. The various image display methods can be used properly according to diagnostic applications.

(Operation Flow Chart for Tomographic Image Photography and Scout Image Photography)

FIG. 5 is a flowchart showing rough outlines of operations for the tomographic image photography and scout image photography of the X-ray CT apparatus 100 of the present invention.

At Step S1, the operation of rotating the X-ray tube 21 and the multi-row X-ray detector 24 about the subject and effecting data acquisition of X-ray detector data while the cradle 12 placed on the imaging or photographing table 10 is being linearly moved, is performed upon a helical scan. A z-direction coordinate position Ztable(view) is added to X-ray detector data D0(view, j, i) (where j=1 to ROW, and I=1 to CH) indicated by a view angle view, a detector row number j and a channel number i thereby carrying out data acquisition relative to a range at a constant speed.

The z-direction coordinate position may be added to X-ray projection data or may be used in association with the X-ray projection data as another file. Information about the z-direction coordinate position is used where the X-ray projection data is three-dimensionally image-reconstructed upon the helical shuttle scan and the variable pitch helical scan. Using the same upon the helical scan, conventional scan (axial scan) or cine scan, an improvement in the accuracy of an image-reconstructed tomographic image and an improvement in its quality n be also realized

As the z-direction coordinate position, position control data on the cradle 12 placed on the photographing table 10 may be used. Alternatively, z direction coordinate positions at respective times, which are predicted from the imaging operation set upon the imaging condition setting, may also be used.

Upon the variable helical scan or helical shuttle scan, data acquisition will be carried out even at acceleration and deceleration in addition to the data acquisition for the range at the constant speed.

Upon the conventional scan (axial scan) or the cine scan, the data acquisition system is rotated once or plural times while the cradle 12 placed on the photographing table 10 is being fixed to a given z-direction position, thereby to perform data acquisition of X-ray detector data. The cradle 12 is moved to the next z direction position as needed and thereafter the data acquisition system is rotated once or plural times again to perform data acquisition of X-ray detector data.

Upon the scout image photography, the operation of fixing the X-ray tube 21 and the multi-row X-ray detector 24 and performing data acquisition of X-ray detector data while the cradle 12 placed on the photographing table 10 is being linearly moved, is performed.

At Step S2, a pre-process is performed on the X-ray detector data DO(view, j, i) to convert it into projection data. FIG. 6 shows a specific process about the pre-process at Step S2. At Step S21, an offset correction is performed. At Step S22, a logarithmic translation is performed. At Step S23, an X-ray dosage correction is performed. At Step S24, a sensitivity correction is performed.

In the case of the scout image photography, the pre-processed X-ray detector data is completed as a scout image if a pixel size as viewed in the channel direction and a pixel size as viewed in the z direction corresponding to the linear traveling direction of the cradle 12 are displayed in match with the display pixel size of the monitor 6.

Referring back to FIG. 5, a beam hardening correction is effected on the pre-processed projection data D1(view, j, i) at Step S3. Assuming that upon the beam hardening correction at Step S3, projection data subjected to the sensitivity correction of Step S24 of the pre-process S2 is defined as D1(view, j, i) and data subsequent to the beam hardening correction of Step S3 is defined as D11(view, j, i), the beam hardening correction of Step S3 is expressed in the form of, for example, a polynomial as shown below (Equation 1). Incidentally, a multiplication operation or computation is expressed in ".cndot." in the present embodiment. [Equation 1] D11(view,j,i)=D1(view,j,i).cndot.(Bo(j,i)+B.sub.1(j,i).cndot.D1(view,j,i)- +B.sub.2(j,i).cndot.D1(view,j,i).sup.2) (1)

Since, at this time, beam hardening corrections independent of one another every j row of detector can be performed, the differences in X-ray energy characteristics of the detectors for every row can be costed respective tube voltages of the data acquisition system are different on the imaging conditions.

At Step S4, a z-filter convolution process for applying filters in the z direction (row direction) is effected on the projection data D11(view, j, i) subjected to the beam hardening correction.

That is, projection data of the multi-row X-ray detector D11(view, j, i) (where i=1 to CH and j=1 to ROW) subjected to the pre-process at the data acquisition system and to the beam hardening correction at each view angle, is subjected to filters in which, for example, such row-direction filter sizes as expressed in the following equations (Equation 2)and (Equation 3) are five rows, in the row direction. [Equation 2] (w.sub.1(i), w.sub.2(i), w.sub.3(i), w.sub.4(i), w.sub.5(i)) (2)

where the sum of the above equation (2) is as follows:

.times..times..times..function. ##EQU00001##

This will be defined as the sum of all wk(i), from k equals one to infinity.

The corrected detector data D12(view, j, i) is expressed as follows (given by the following equation 4):

.times..times..times..times..times..times..times..times..times..function..- times. ##EQU00002##

Incidentally, assuming that the maximum value of the channel is CH and the maximum value of the row is ROW, the following equations (Equations 5 and 6) are established. [Equation 5] D11(view,-1,i)=D11(view,0,i)=D11(view,1,i) (5) [Equation 6] D11(view,ROW,i)=D11(view,ROW+1,i)=D11(view,ROW+2,i) (6)

When row-direction filter coefficients are changed for every channel, slice thicknesses can be controlled depending upon the distance from an image reconstruction center. In a tomographic image, its peripheral portion generally becomes thick in slice thickness than the reconstruction center thereof. Therefore, the row-direction filter coefficients are changed at the central and peripheral portions so that the slice thicknesses can also be made uniform even at the peripheral portion and the image reconstruction center. When, for example, the row-direction filter coefficients are changed at the central and peripheral portions, the row-direction filter coefficients are changed extensively in width in the neighborhood of a central channel, and the row-direction filter coefficients are changed narrowly in width in the neighborhood of a peripheral channel, each slice thickness can be made approximately uniform even at the peripheral portion and image reconstruction central portion.

By controlling the row direction filter coefficients for the central and peripheral channels of the multi-row X-ray detector 24 in this way, each slice thickness can also be controlled at the central and peripheral portions. Slightly thickening the slice thickness by the row-direction filters provides a great improvement in both artifact and noise. Thus, the degree of an improvement in artifact and the degree of an improvement in noise can also be controlled. That is, the three-dimensionally image-reconstructed tomographic image, i.e., the image quality in the xy plane can be controlled. As another embodiment, a tomographic image having a thin slice thickness can also be realized by subjecting the row-direction (z-direction) filter coefficients to deconvolution filters.

At Step S5, a reconstruction function convolution process is performed. That is, projection data is subjected to Fourier transformation for performing transformation into a frequency domain or region and multiplied by a reconstruction function, followed by being subjected to inverse Fourier transformation. Assuming that upon the reconstruction function convolution process S5, projection data subsequent to the z filter convolution process is defined as D12, projection data subsequent to the reconstruction function convolution process is defined as D13, and the convoluting reconstruction function is defined as Kernel(j), the reconstruction function convolution process is expressed as follows (Equation 7). Incidentally, a convolution computation or operation is expressed in "*" in the present embodiment. [Equation 7] D13(view,j,i)=D12(view,j,i)*Kernel(j) (7)

That is, since the reconstruction function kernel (j) can perform reconstruction function convolution processes independent of one another for every j row of detector, the difference between noise characteristics set for every row and the difference between resolution characteristics can be corrected.

At Step S6, a three-dimensional backprojection process is effected on the projection data D13(view, j, i) subjected to the reconstruction function convolution process to determine backprojection data D3(x, y, z). An image to be image-reconstructed is three dimensionally image-reconstructed on a plane, i.e., an xy plane orthogonal to the z axis. A reconstruction area or plane P to be shown below is assumed to be parallel to the xy plane. The three-dimensional backprojection process will be explained later referring to FIG. 5.

At Step S7, a post-process including image filter convolution, CT value conversion and the like is effected on the backprojection data D3(x, y, z) to obtain a tomographic image D31(x, y, z).

Assuming that upon the image filter convolution pre in the post-process, a tomographic image subsequent to the three-dimensional backprojection is defined as D31(x, y, z), data subsequent to the image filter convolution is defined as D32(x, y, z), and a two-dimensional image filter subjected to convolution on the xy plane corresponding to a tomographic image plane is defined as Filter(z), the following equation (Equation 8) is established. [Equation 8] D32(x,y,z)=D31(x,y,z)*Filter(z) (8)

That is, since the image filter convolution processes independent of one another for every tomographic image at each z-coordinate position can be carried out, the differences between noise characteristics and between resolution characteristics for every row can be corrected.

An image space z-direction filter convolution process shown below may be carried out after the two-dimensional image filter convolution process. This image space z-direction filter convolution process may be performed before the two-dimensional image filter convolution process. Further, a three-dimensional image filter convolution process may be performed to produce such an effect as to share both of the two-dimensional image filter convolution process and the image space z direction filter convolution process.

Assuming that upon the image space z-direction filter convolution process, a tomographic image subjected to the image space z-direction filter convolution process is defined as D33(x, y, z) and a tomographic image subjected to the two-dimensional image filter convolution process is defined as D32(x, y, z), the following equation (Equation 9) is established as follows. However, at an image space z-direction filter coefficient at which a z-direction width is 2l+1, v(i) is expressed in the form of such a coefficient row as shown below (Equation 10).

.times..times..times..times..times..times..times..times..times..function. ##EQU00003## [Equation 10] v(-l), v(-l+1), . . . v(-l), v(0), v(l-1), v(l) (10)

Upon the helical scan, the image space filter coefficient v(i) may be an image space z-direction filter coefficient independent upon the z-direction position. However, when the conventional scan (axial scan) or cine scan is performed using the two-dimensional X-ray area detector 24 or multi-row X-ray detector 24 or the like broad in detector width in the z-direction in particular, the image space z-direction filter coefficient v(i) may preferably use an image space z-direction filter coefficient that depends upon the position of each X-ray detector row in the z direction. This is because it is further effective since detailed adjustments dependent on the row position of each tomographic image can be made.

The resultant tomographic image is displayed on the monitor 6.

(Flowchart for Three-Dimensional Backprojection Process)

FIG. 7 shows the details of Step S6 in FIG. 5 and is a flowchart showing the three-dimensional backprojection process.

In the present embodiment, an image to be image-reconstructed is three-dimensionally image-reconstructed on a plane, i.e., an xy plane orthogonal to the z axis. The following reconstruction area P is assumed to be parallel to the xy plane.

At Step S61, attention is paid to one of all views (i.e., views corresponding to 360.degree. or views corresponding to "180.degree.+fan angles") necessary for image reconstruction of each tomographic image. Projection data Dr corresponding to respective pixels in the reconstruction area P are extracted.

The projection data Dr will now be explained using FIGS. 8(a) and 8(b) through FIG. 10. FIGS. 8(a) and 8(b) are conceptual diagrams showing the projection of lines on a reconstruction area in an X-ray penetration direction, wherein FIG. 8(a) shows an xy plan and FIG. 8(b) shows a yz plane. FIG. 9 is a conceptual diagram showing the respective lines in an image reconstruction plane, which are projected onto an X-ray detector plane.

As shown in FIGS. 8(a) and 8(b), a square area of 512.times.512 pixels, which is parallel to the xy plane, is assumed to be a reconstruction area P. A pixel row L0 parallel to the x axis of y=0, a pixel row L63 of y=63, a pixel row L127 of y=127, a pixel row L191 of y=191, a pixel row L255 of y=255, a pixel row L319 of y=319, a pixel row L383 of y=383, a pixel row L447 of y=447, and a pixel row L511 of y=511 are taken as rows. If projection data on lines T0 through T511 shown in FIG. 9 obtained by projecting the pixel rows L0 through L511 onto the plane of the multi-row X-ray detector 24 in an X-ray penetration direction are extracted, then they result in projection data Dr(view, x, y) of the pixel lows L0 through L511. However, x and y correspond to the respective pixels (x, y) of the tomographic image.

The X-ray penetration direction is determined depending on geometrical positions of the X-ray focal point of the X-ray tube 21, the respective pixels and the multi-row X-ray detector 24. Since, however, the z coordinates z(view) of X-ray detector data D0(view, j, i) are known with being added to the X-ray detector data as a table linear movement z-direction position Ztable(view), the X-ray penetration direction can be accurately determined within the X-ray focal point and the data acquisition geometrical system of the multi-row X-ray detector even in the case of the X-ray detector data D0(view, j, i) placed under acceleration and deceleration.

Incidentally, when some of lines are placed out of the multi-row X-ray detector 24 as viewed in the channel direction as in the case of, for example, the line T0 obtained by projecting the pixel row L0 on the plane of the multi-row X-ray detector 24 in the X-ray penetration direction, the corresponding projection data Dr(view, x, y) is set to "0". When it is placed outside the multi-row X-ray detector 24 as viewed in the z direction, the corresponding projection data Dr(view, x, y) is determined as extrapolation.

Thus, the projection data Dr(view, x, y) corresponding to the respective pixels of the reconstruction area P can be extracted as shown in FIG. 10.

Referring back to FIG. 7, at Step S62, the projection data Dr(view, x, y) are multiplied by a cone beam reconstruction weight coefficient to create projection data D2(view, x, y) as shown in FIG. 11.

Now, the cone beam reconstruction weight coefficient w(i, j) is as follows. Generally, when the angle which a linear line connecting the focal point of the X-ray tube 21 and a pixel g(x, y) on the reconstruction area P (xy plane) at view=.beta.a forms with a center axis Bc of an X-ray beam is assumed to be y and its opposite view is assumed to be view=.beta.b in the case of fan beam image reconstruction, the following equation is established. [Equation 11] .beta.b=.beta.a+180.degree.-2.gamma. (11)

When the angles which the X-ray beam passing through the pixel g(x, y) on the reconstruction area P and its opposite X-ray beam form with the reconstruction plane P, are assumed to be .alpha.a and .alpha.b, they are multiplied by cone beam reconstruction weight coefficients .omega.a and .omega.b dependant on these and added together to determine backprojection pixel data D2(0, x, y) in the following manner. [Equation 12] D2(0,x,y)=(.omega.a.cndot.D2(0,x,y).sub.--a+.omega.b.cndot.D2(0,x,y).- sub.--b (12)

where D2(0,x,y)_a indicates backprojection data for the view .beta.a, and D2(0,x,y)_b indicates backprojection data for the view .beta.b.

Incidentally, the sum of the cone beam reconstruction weight coefficients corresponding to the beams opposite to each other is as follows: [Equation 13] .omega.a+.omega.b=1 (13)

The above addition with multiplication of the cone beam reconstruction weight coefficients .omega.a and .omega.b enables a reduction in cone angle artifacts

For instance, the cone beam reconstruction weight coefficients .omega.a and .omega.b can make use of ones obtained by the following equations. Incidentally, ga indicates a weight coefficient of the view .beta.a, and gb indicates a weight coefficient of the view .beta.b, respectively.

Assuming that 1/2 of a fan beam angle is .gamma.max, the following equations (Equation 14 to Equation 19) are established. [Equation 14] ga=f(.gamma.max, .alpha.a, .beta.a) (14) [Equation 15] gb=f(.gamma.max, .alpha.b, .beta.b) (15) [Equation 16] xa=2ga.sup.q/(ga.sup.q+gb.sup.q) (16) [Equation 17] xb=2gb.sup.q/(ga.sup.q+gb.sup.q) (17) [Equation 18] wa=xa.sup.2(3-2xa) (18) [Equation 19] wb=xb.sup.2(3-2xb) (19) (For instance, q=1)

Assuming that as examples of ga and gb, max[ ] are defined as functions that take large values, the following equations (Equation 20 and Equation 21) are given as follows: [Equation 20] ga=max[0, {(.pi./2+.gamma.max)-|.beta..alpha.|}]|tan(.alpha.a)| (20) [Equation 21] gb=max[0, {(.pi./2+.gamma.max)-|.beta.b|}]tan(.alpha.b)| (21)

In the case of the fan beam image reconstruction each pixel on the reconstruction area P is for multiplied by a distance coefficient. Assuming that the distance from the focal point of the X-ray tube 21 to each of the detector row j and channel i of the multi-row X-ray detector 24 corresponding to the projection data Dr is r0, and the distance from the focal point of the X-ray tube 21 to each pixel on the reconstruction area P corresponding to the projection data Dr is r1, the distance coefficient is given as (r1/f0)2.

In the case of parallel beam image reconstruction, each pixel on the reconstruction area P may be multiplied by the cone beam reconstruction weight coefficient w(i, j) alone,

At Step S63, the projection data D2(view, x, y) is added to its corresponding backprojection data D3(x, y) cleared in advance in association with each pixel. FIG. 12 shows the concept that the projection data D2(view, x, y) is added for every pixel

At Step S64, Steps S61 through S63 are repeated with resect to all views (i.e., views corresponding to 360.degree. or views corresponding to "180.degree.+fan angles") necessary for image reconstruction of each tomographic image. Adding all the views necessary for the image reconstruction makes it possible to obtain backprojection data D3(x, y) shown in the left drawing of FIG. 12.

The flowchart for the three-dimensional backprojection process of FIG. 7 is equivalent to one in which the image reconstruction area P shown in FIG. 8 is described as a square of 512.times.512 pixels. However, no limitation is imposed on it. FIGS. 13(a) and 13(b) are respectively conceptual diagrams each showing a state in which lines on a circular image reconstruction area are projected in an X-ray penetration direction, wherein FIG. 13(a) shows an xy plane, and FIG. 13(b) shows a yz plane.

As shown in FIGS. 13(a) and 13(b), the reconstruction area P may be set as a circular area whose diameter is 512 pixels, without setting it as the square area of 512.times.512 pixels.

An embodiment illustrative of a heart imaging method capable of performing imaging with good quality at a high speed under low exposure using the X-ray CT apparatus is shown below.

A first embodiment shows an embodiment wherein the appropriateness of the phase of an electrocardiographic signal is determined in advance by a high-speed helical scan large in helical pitch at low X-ray dosage and thereafter a helical scan for an actual scan is performed by means of test injection or contrast agent synchronous photography.

A second embodiment shows an embodiment related to a method of contrast agent synchronous photography or imaging.

First Embodiment

The first embodiment illustrates the embodiment wherein the appropriateness of the phase of the electrocardiographic signal is determined in advance by the high-speed helical scan large in helical pitch at low X-ray dosage and thereafter the helical scan for the actual scan is performed by means of test injection or contrast agent synchronous photography.

FIGS. 16, 17, 18 and 19 are respectively diagrams for describing the prior art and respectively show the image of the conventional heart imaging process. So-called electrocardiographic synchronous photography or imaging synchronized with the heartbeat has heretofore been performed upon photography of a cardiac coronary r or the like. As the electrocardiographic synchronous photography or imaging, there are known prospective imaging in which while the average of a plurality of immediately-preceding cardiac cycles or periods is being observed, projection data are acquired in sync with, for example, 75% phase of the average cardiac period considered to be a cardiac phase stablest in heart, thereby performing image reconstruction, and so-called retrospective imaging in which an electrocardiographic signal and X-ray projection data are stored in association with each other in advance, and the X-ray projection data of the cardiac phase at image reconstruction is extend, thereby performing image reconstruction. Since there is a case in which upon the prospective imaging, scan control does not work well due to arrhythmias, the retrospective imaging is in the mainstream.

FIG. 22(a) shows a general electrocardiographic signal. Assuming now that the heart rate is 75 bmp (beat per minute), a cardiac period becomes 0.8 seconds and such electrocardiographic waveforms (P wave, QRS wave, T wave and U wave) as shown in the drawing appear in this period. At the timing of the P wave, the cardiac atria is excited and shrunk so that blood flows from a large vein and a pulmonary vein flow into the cardiac ventricle or chamber. At the timing of the QRS wave following the above timing, the cardiac atria simmers down or falls out of excitation and the cardiac ventricle or chamber is excited and shrunk, thereby squeezing the blood flow of the cardiac chamber into a main artery and a pulmonary a At the timing of the subsequent T wave, the cardiac chamber simmers down. And the motion of the heart becomes most gradual at the timing (cardiac phase 75%) of the subsequent U wave.

As the method of image-reconstructing a tomographic image such as the cardiac coronary artery or the like, there has heretofore been known a so-called multi-segment image reconstructing method. In the present method, projection data about the cardiac phase 75% are extracted based on the electrocardiographic signal detected simultaneously with the cardiac helical scan, and the extracted segment data are combined by view angles necessary for the image reconstruction of one slice, whereby the corresponding tomographic image can be image-reconstruct.

In general, there is a need to set projection data corresponding to at least fan angles+180.degree. as view angles for the purpose of the image reconstruction corresponding to one slice. When it is however not possible that X-ray projection data corresponding to one rotation of the gantry covers such a projection data, segment data extracted from a cardiac period or heartbeat range of continuous two heartbeats or more are combined, thereby image-reconstructing a tomographic image corresponding to one slice.

In recent years, X-ray detectors have been multirowed and the width of each X-ray detector has been increased, and the rotational speed of the gantry has been also speeded up. However, the present situation is that since the z-direction width of the X-ray detector is not sufficiently broad and the imaging of the whole heart cannot be attained by only one scan upon the conventional scan (axial scan) or cine scan, X-ray projection data corresponding to plural segments are combined by the cardiac helical scan to perform image reconstruction.

The flow of the conventional heart imaging method is shown in FIG. 21.

At Step C1, a scout scan is performed.

At Step C2, a low-dosage and fast-helical pitch helical scan (with no contrast agent) for determining a scan range is performed.

A