Title: Diagnostic information generation apparatus and ultrasonic diagnostic system
Abstract: An ultrasonic diagnostic system, which is intended to perform the wireless communication of ultrasonic diagnostic information within the speed range of general-purpose data communication standards, is arranged in a first and second units. The first unit includes ultrasonic wave transmit/receive means which transmits an ultrasonic wave and receives the echo of the wave, data generation means which produces digital diagnostic data based on the received echo, data compression means which compresses the digital data, and data communication means which sends out the compressed data in wireless manner. The second unit includes data communication means which receives the transmitted data, data expansion means which expands the received data, and information generation means which produces display information from the expanded data.
Patent Number: 6,855,113 Issued on 02/15/2005 to Amemiya, et al.
| Inventors:
|
Amemiya; Shinichi (Tokyo, JP);
Ohsumi; Ryota (Tokyo, JP)
|
| Assignee:
|
GE Medical Systems Global Technologies Company, LLC (Waukesha, WI)
|
| Appl. No.:
|
391131 |
| Filed:
|
March 18, 2003 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
| Mar 19, 2002[JP] | 2002-076284 |
| Current U.S. Class: |
600/437; 128/903 |
| Intern'l Class: |
A61B 008//00 |
| Field of Search: |
600/437,443,447
128/903,916
709/213,230,231,232,247
|
References Cited [Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
| 4751929 | Jun., 1988 | Hayakawa et al.
| |
| 5030953 | Jul., 1991 | Chiang | 341/172.
|
| 5126962 | Jun., 1992 | Chiang | 364/725.
|
| 5635645 | Jun., 1997 | Ottes et al.
| |
| 6106472 | Aug., 2000 | Chiang et al. | 600/447.
|
| 6142946 | Nov., 2000 | Hwang et al.
| |
| 6213944 | Apr., 2001 | Miller et al. | 600/437.
|
| 6231510 | May., 2001 | Negrin et al.
| |
| 6315722 | Nov., 2001 | Yaegashi.
| |
| 6440072 | Aug., 2002 | Schuman | 600/437.
|
| 6468217 | Oct., 2002 | Fazioli | 600/443.
|
| 6471649 | Oct., 2002 | Saccardo et al. | 600/437.
|
| 6475146 | Nov., 2002 | Freiburger et al. | 600/437.
|
| 6530887 | Mar., 2003 | Gilbert et al. | 600/459.
|
| 6569097 | May., 2003 | McMorrow et al. | 600/437.
|
| Foreign Patent Documents |
| 53-108690 | Sep., 1978 | JP.
| |
Primary Examiner: Jaworski; Francis J.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Horton, Esq.; Carl B.
Armstrong Teasdale LLP
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An ultrasonic diagnostic system comprising:
an ultrasonic wave transmit/receive device for transmitting a first
ultrasonic wave and receiving a first echo of the first ultrasonic wave;
a data generation device for producing digital diagnostic data based on
received echoes including the first echo;
a data compression device for compressing the digital data;
a data communication device configured to transmit a first portion of the
compressed data corresponding to a first single image frame in wireless
manner after a transmission of the first ultrasonic wave and a reception
of the first echo by said ultrasonic wave transmit/receive device, wherein
said ultrasonic wave transmit/receive device is configured to transmit a
second ultrasonic wave and receive a second echo after a transmission of
the first portion of the compressed data, and said data communication
device configured to transmit a second portion of the compressed data
corresponding to a second single image frame after a transmission of the
second ultrasonic wave and a reception of the second echo; and
an information unit for receiving the compressed data and generating
information by processing the compressed data.
2. The ultrasonic diagnostic system of claim 1, wherein said data
compression device implements the data compression in compliance with a
general-purpose data compression standard.
3. The ultrasonic diagnostic system of claim 1, wherein said data
communication device implements the data communication in compliance with
a general-purpose data communication standard.
4. The ultrasonic diagnostic system of claim 1, wherein said data
communication device implements the data communication based on radio
wave.
5. The ultrasonic diagnostic system of claim 1, wherein said data
communication device implements the data communication based on light.
6. The ultrasonic diagnostic system of claim 1, wherein said digital data
is sonic beam data.
7. The ultrasonic diagnostic system of claim 6, wherein said sonic beam
data is derived from the detection and logarithmic conversion of a signal
of one of the received echoes.
8. The ultrasonic diagnostic system of claim 6, wherein said sonic beam
data is derived from the autocorrelation process of a signal of one of the
received echoes.
9. An ultrasonic diagnostic system arranged in a first section which
produces diagnostic information by utilization of ultrasonic wave and a
second section which produces display information from the diagnostic
information,
said first section including:
an ultrasonic wave transmit/receive device for transmitting first
ultrasonic wave and receiving a first echo of the first ultrasonic wave;
a data generation device for producing digital diagnostic data based on
received echoes including the first echo;
a data compression device for compressing the digital data; and
a data communication device configured to transmit a first portion of the
compressed data corresponding to a first single image frame in a wireless
manner after a transmission of the first ultrasonic wave and a reception
of the first echo by said ultrasonic wave transmit/receive device, wherein
said ultrasonic wave transmit/receive device is configured to transmit a
second ultrasonic wave and receive a second echo after a transmission of
the first portion of the compressed data, and said data communication
device configured to transmit a second portion of the compressed data
corresponding to a second single image frame after a transmission of the
second ultrasonic wave and a reception of the second echo; and
said second section including:
a data communication device for receiving the compressed data;
a data expansion device for expanding the receive data; and
an information generation device for producing display information from the
expanded data.
10. The ultrasonic diagnostic system of claim 9, wherein said data
compression device implements the data compression in compliance with a
general-purpose data compression standard.
11. The ultrasonic diagnostic system of claim 9, wherein said data
communication device implements the data communication in compliance with
a general-purpose data communication standard.
12. The ultrasonic diagnostic system of claim 9, wherein said data
communication device implements the communication based on radio wave.
13. The ultrasonic diagnostic system of claim 9, wherein said data
communication device implements the data communication based on light.
14. The ultrasonic diagnostic system of claim 9, wherein said digital data
is sonic beam data.
15. The ultrasonic diagnostic system of claim 14, wherein said sonic beam
data is derived from the autocorrelation process of a signal of one of the
received echoes.
16. The ultrasonic diagnostic system of claim 14, wherein said information
generation device converts a first set of coordinates of the sonic beam
data in a sonic beam space into a second set of coordinates different than
the first set of coordinates.
17. The ultrasonic diagnostic system of claim 9, wherein said first section
is a transportable unit.
18. The ultrasonic diagnostic system of claim 9, wherein said second
section is a transportable general-purpose information unit.
19. The ultrasonic diagnostic system of claim 1 wherein the information
includes at least one of an image and a sound.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims the benefit of Japanese Application No. 2002-076284
filed Mar. 19, 2002.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a diagnostic information generation
apparatus and an ultrasonic diagnostic system, and particularly to a
diagnostic information generation apparatus and ultrasonic diagnostic
system which utilize an ultrasonic wave.
An ultrasonic diagnostic system operates to scan the inside of a subject of
diagnosis with ultrasonic beams, receive a resulting echo, produce image
data based on the strength of echo, and produce a so-called B-mode image.
This scheme is also called B-mode imaging.
In addition, the apparatus evaluates the Doppler shift of the echo and
produces a color image indicative of the flow velocity distribution of
fluid such as blood, i.e., so-called color Doppler image, based on the
Doppler shift of echo. The apparatus also produces a color image
indicative of the power of Doppler signal, i.e., so-called power Doppler
image. The apparatus implements the frequency analysis of the Doppler
signal and displays resulting spectra or releases resulting Doppler sound
signals. This scheme is also called Doppler diagnosis.
Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. S53-108690 discloses a technique
of building an ultrasonic diagnostic system in two divided sections. One
of the two section is a unit which scans the inside of a subject of
diagnosis with ultrasonic beams, receives a resulting echo, and produces
diagnostic information from the echo. The other section is a unit which
produces display information from the diagnostic information. The
diagnostic information is transferred from the one unit to the other unit
by wireless communication.
The above-mentioned wireless communication is required to be as fast as
around several megabytes/sec in order to keep the real-time performance of
diagnosis. Such a high communication speed exceeds overwhelmingly the
speed of communication means which are based on general-purpose wireless
communication standards such as Bluetooth for example. On this account,
general-purpose communication means cannot be used, and a special
communication means must be designed.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to accomplish a
diagnostic information generation apparatus which performs the wireless
communication for ultrasonic diagnostic information within the speed range
of general-purpose data communication standards, and also accomplish an
ultrasonic diagnostic system which uses the diagnostic information
generation apparatus. In this specification, the wireless communication
implies the communication based on the use of radio wave, light, etc.
which travels in the space.
(1) The present invention at one viewpoint for solving the foregoing
problem resides in a diagnostic information generation apparatus which is
characterized by comprising an ultrasonic wave transmit/receive means
which transmits an ultrasonic wave and receives the echo of the wave, data
generation means which produces digital diagnostic data based on the
received echo, data compression means which compresses the digital data,
and data communication means which sends out the compressed data in
wireless manner.
The invention at this viewpoint is designed to transmit an ultrasonic wave
and receive the echo of the wave, produce digital diagnostic data based on
the received echo, compress the digital data and send out in wireless
manner, whereby it is possible to perform the wireless communication for
ultrasonic diagnostic information within the speed range of
general-purpose data communication standards.
(2) The present invention at another viewpoint for solving the foregoing
problem resides in an ultrasonic diagnostic system arranged in a first
section which produces diagnostic information by utilization of ultrasonic
wave and a second section which produces display information from the
diagnostic information, wherein the first section includes ultrasonic wave
transmit/receive means which transmits an ultrasonic wave and receives the
echo of the wave, data generation means which produces digital diagnostic
data based on the received echo, data compression means which compresses
the digital data, and data communication means which sends out the
compressed data in wireless manner, and the second section includes data
communication means which receives the transmitted data, data expansion
means which expands the received data, and information generation means
which produces display information from the expanded data.
The invention at this viewpoint is designed to operate on the part of the
first section to transmit an ultrasonic wave and receive the echo of the
wave, produce digital diagnostic data based on the received echo, compress
the digital data, and send out the compressed data in wireless manner,
whereby it is possible to perform the wireless communication for
ultrasonic diagnostic information within the speed range of
general-purpose data communication standards.
It operates on the part of the second section to receive and expand the
transmitted data, and produce display information from the expanded data,
whereby it is possible to obtain information for real-time display. The
released information can be a B-mode image, color Doppler image, power
Doppler image, Doppler spectra, Doppler sound, or the like.
The data compression means preferably implements the data compression in
compliance with a general-purpose data compression standard, since it is
readily available. The general-purpose data compression standard can be
JPEG, MPEG, or the like.
The data communication means preferably implements the communication in
compliance with a general-purpose data communication standard, since it is
readily available.
The data communication means preferably implements the communication based
on radio wave, since it is good in terms of information propagation. The
data communication standard can be Bluetooth, CDMA2000, IEEE802.11, SWAP,
or the like.
The data communication means preferably implements the communication based
on light, since it is small in power consumption. The data communication
standard can be IrDA, or the like.
The digital data is preferably sonic beam data, so that it minimizes data
processing in need before compression.
The sonic beam data is preferably derived from the detection and
logarithmic conversion of the signal of received echo, since it is proper
for B-mode imaging.
The sonic beam data is preferably derived from the autocorrelation process
of the signal of received echo, since it is proper for color Doppler
imaging.
The ultrasonic wave transmit/receive-means preferably implements the
transmission and reception after the end of communication frame of the
data communication means, so that the ultrasonic wave
transmission/reception take place in concert with the data communication.
The information generation means preferably converts the coordinates of
sonic beam space into the coordinates of real space for the sonic beam
data, so that it produces image information which indicates accurately the
shape of the subject of imaging.
The first section of the system is preferably a transportable unit, so that
it is large in terms of latitude of the site of use.
The second section of the system is preferably a transportable
general-purpose information unit, since it is readily available. The
information unit can be a portable personal computer, portable information
terminal, portable telephone unit, or the like.
According to the present invention, it is possible to accomplish a
diagnostic information generation apparatus which performs the wireless
communication of ultrasonic diagnostic information within the speed range
of general-purpose data communication standards, and an ultrasonic
diagnostic system which uses the diagnostic information generation
apparatus.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an example of embodiment of the system of this
invention.
FIG. 2 is a conceptual diagram of sonic beam scanning.
FIG. 3 is a diagram showing briefly an example of image display.
FIG. 4 is a functional block diagram of an example of embodiment of the
system of this invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
An embodiment of the present invention will be explained in detail with
reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of an ultrasonic
diagnostic system. This system is an embodiment of this invention. The
arrangement of this system shows an example of embodiment pertinent to the
inventive system.
As shown in the figure, the system is arranged in two units, which are an
ultrasonic wave unit 100 and an information unit 300. The ultrasonic wave
unit 100 and information unit 300 are an example of embodiment of the
first section and second section, respectively, defined by this invention.
The ultrasonic wave unit 100 is also an example of embodiment of the
inventive diagnostic information generation apparatus. The arrangement of
this apparatus shows an example of embodiment pertinent to the inventive
diagnostic information generation apparatus.
The ultrasonic wave transducer array 600 is, for example, an arcuate array
which is convex toward the radiating direction of ultrasonic wave, i.e.,
it is a so-called convex array.
The ultrasonic vibration elements 602 of the ultrasonic wave transducer
array 600 are connected individually to a switch device 604. The switch
device 604 selects a certain number of ultrasonic vibration elements 602
that contribute to ultrasonic wave transmission and reception of the
ultrasonic wave transducer array 600. The number of ultrasonic vibration
elements 602 to be selected is 16 for example, and this number larger than
1 is arbitrary.
The selected ultrasonic vibration elements 602 of 16 in number, for
example, form the aperture for ultrasonic wave transmission/reception. The
16 ultrasonic vibration elements of the aperture are changed in their
combination sequentially. Consequently, the aperture moves in steps from
one end to another end of the ultrasonic wave transducer array 600. This
switching operation takes place under control of a control section 212
which will be explained later.
The ultrasonic wave unit 100 further includes a transmit/receive switch
section 202. The transmit/receive switch section 202 is connected with the
switch device 604, a drive section 204 and a receive section 206.
The transmit/receive switch section 202 puts drive signals, which are
released by the drive section 204, in to the switch device 604 at the time
of communication. The number of drive signals corresponds to the number
(e.g.,16) of ultrasonic vibration elements 602 of the aperture. Each drive
signal is given a phase difference for beam forming of the output
ultrasonic wave. The drive signals put in to the switch device 604 are
applied to the respective ultrasonic vibration elements 602, which then
emit ultrasonic wave beams.
The echo of the ultrasonic wave is received by each corresponding
ultrasonic vibration element 602 of the aperture. The transmit/receive
switch section 202, at the time of reception, puts a number (e.g.,16) of
echo reception signals, which are conducted by the switch device 604, in
to the receive section 206. The receive section 206 gives phase
differences for beam forming to the echo reception signals and sums the
signals, thereby producing an echo reception signal of one sonic beam. The
above-mentioned transmit/receive operation is carried out while moving the
aperture by the switch device 604.
Due to the design of the ultrasonic wave transducer array 600 as a convex
array, the radiation point 800 of the sonic beam 802 moves along an
arcuate locus 804 to scan a two-dimensional sectoral region 806 at
directions .theta. thereby performing the so-called convex scanning as
shown in FIG. 2.
The ultrasonic wave transducer array 600 can be formed arbitrarily, instead
of the foregoing arrangement. It may be a two-dimensional array, instead
of one-dimensional array. In these cases, the switch device 604, drive
section 204 and receive section 206 are arranged to match with the
ultrasonic wave transducer array 600.
The echo reception signal produced by the receive section 206 is put in to
a diagnostic information generation section 210. The diagnostic
information generation section 210 produces digital diagnostic data based
on the echo reception signal. The digital diagnostic data is B-mode
imaging data for example. B-mode imaging data is produced by detecting the
echo reception signal and computing the logarithm of the detected signal.
B-mode imaging data is produced for each sonic beam.
Digital diagnostic data may be color Doppler imaging data which is based on
the Doppler shift of echo reception signal, instead of B-mode imaging
data. Or, it may be Doppler diagnostic data.
Color Doppler imaging data is produced by computing the autocorrelation of
the echo reception signal. Color Doppler imaging data is a set of data
which express the flow velocity, variance, power, etc. Color Doppler
imaging data is also produced for each sonic beam. In the following
explanation, data produced for each sonic beam will be termed sonic beam
data.
Doppler diagnostic data is data which expresses a spectrum of Doppler
signal or data which expresses a Doppler sound. Data of Doppler signal
spectrum is produced by the frequency analysis of Doppler signal. Data of
Doppler sound is produced by evaluating instantaneous values of Doppler
signal.
A compress section 216 implements the data compression for the output data
of the diagnostic information generation section 210. Data compression
takes place in compliance with a general-purpose data compression
standard. Based on the data compression in compliance with a data
compression standard, circuit parts of compress section 216 are readily
available in the market. The general-purpose data compression standard can
be JPEG, MPEG, or the like. Or, it may be MP3 for the compression of
Doppler sound data.
Data compression by the compress section 216 takes place for each sonic
beam for example. This scheme minimizes the preliminary data processing
before compression. Data compression may be designed for two-dimensional
data which is a set of multiple sonic beam data. In consequence, efficient
compression can take place.
Compressed data is sent out in wireless manner by a communication section
218. The wireless communication uses radio wave for example. The radio
wave can go through walls of buildings and the like existing on the
course. Accordingly, it is desirable in terms of good information
propagation. The wireless communication may use light, e.g., infrared
light. Using light is desirable in terms of small power consumption.
The wireless communication takes place in compliance with a
general-purpose-data communication standard. Based on the adoption of
general-purpose data communication standard, circuit parts of the
communication section 218 are readily available in the market. The
general-purpose data communication standard can be Bluetooth, CDMA2000,
IEEE802.11, SWAP, IrDA, or the like.
These communication standards have data communication speeds of, for
example,16 Mbps at maximum in the case of IrDA with the physical layer
specifications of version 1.4, and the communication based on data
compression readily attains data rates ranging from 2M to several
mega-bytes per second in terms of data before compression. Accordingly, it
is possible to implement properly the communication of ultrasonic
diagnostic data which is required to be a real-time performance.
Transmission and reception of ultrasonic wave take place under control of
the control section 212 at the each end of communication of one frame by
the communication section 218. In consequence, the ultrasonic wave
transmission/reception which is harmonious with communication can be
performed.
The ultrasonic wave unit 100 further includes a power section 214. The
power section 214 produces the power voltages to be supplied to the
sections in the unit 100 based on the conversion of electric power of a
battery 107. The power conversion is the DC/DC conversion or the like. The
power section 214 is also under control of the control section 212.
The information unit 300 includes a communication section 400. The
communication section 400 is the data communication partner of the
communication section 218 of the ultrasonic wave unit 100. Both
communication sections have communication based on a general-purpose data
communication standard.
The information unit 300 further includes a CPU (Central Processing Unit)
402. The CPU 402 has input of reception data from the communication
section 400. Reception data is compressed data. The CPU 402 expands
compressed data. Data expansion takes place in compliance with a
general-purpose compression standard. In consequence, the digital
diagnostic data produced by the diagnostic information generation section
210 is restored.
The CPU 402 is connected with a memory 404. The restored digital diagnostic
data is stored in the memory 404. The memory 404 also stores programs,
based on which the CPU 402 operates. The stored programs include a
general-purpose OS, for example, and various application programs which
are run under the OS. Among these application programs are programs for
ultrasonic diagnosis.
The application programs for ultrasonic diagnosis are designed to produce
information to be released from diagnostic data. These programs produce a
B-mode image from B-mode imaging data, a color Doppler image and power
Doppler image from color Doppler imaging data, and a spectrum image and
Doppler sound from digital diagnostic data.
The application programs for ultrasonic diagnosis further include a DSC
(Digital Scan Conversion) program. This program converts the coordinates
of sonic beam space into the coordinates of real space. Based on this
coordinate conversion, a B-mode image, color Doppler image, etc. show
correctly the shape of the subject of imaging.
The CPU 402 is further connected with a graphic display 301. The graphic
display 301 displays image information released by the CPU 402. FIG. 3
shows an example of display of image information. The figure shows an
example of display of a B-mode image. The CPU 402 is further connected
with a speaker 305, which releases a Doppler sound.
The graphic display 301 has on its front face a transparent touch sensor
303. The touch sensor 303 is connected to the CPU 402. The touch sensor
303 has its output signal put in to the CPU 402. The user can enter
intended operational commands to the CPU 402 by bringing a stylus or the
like to comes in contact with the GUI (Graphical User Interface) which is
displayed on the graphic display 301. The input section for entering
operational commands and the like may be a keyboard in place of the touch
sensor.
The information unit 300 has its own power section 406. The power section
406 produces the power voltages to be supplied to the sections in the unit
300 based on the conversion of electric power of a battery 408. The power
section 406 is a DC/DC converter or the like.
The ultrasonic wave unit 100 and the information unit 300 are built as
separate units. These units can be used in different places within the
allowable range of wireless communication. Obviously, these units may be
placed closely for use in one place, or may even be integrated.
Consequently, this system has a great latitude in terms of place of use.
The ultrasonic wave unit 100 and the information unit 300 are built as
transportable units. Consequently, the latitude of the place of use can be
fully exerted. In regard to this affair, the portion including the
ultrasonic wave transducer array 600 and switch device 604 may be built as
an ultrasonic probe separately from the rest of unit 100, with both
portions being connected through a signal cable.
The information unit 300 is a general-purpose information unit. The
general-purpose information unit is desirable, since it is readily
available in the market. The information unit 300 is a portable PC
(Personal Computer) for example. Or, it can be a portable PDA (Personal
Data Assistant) or a portable telephone unit.
FIG. 4 shows a block diagram of this system. As shown in the figure, the
ultrasonic wave unit 100 includes an ultrasonic wave transmit/receive
section 702, data generation section 704, data compression section 706,
and data communication section 708.
The ultrasonic wave transmit/receive section 702 transmits an ultrasonic
wave and receives the echo of the wave, and puts the echo reception signal
in to the data generation section 704. The ultrasonic wave
transmit/receive section 702 is equivalent to the portion including the
ultrasonic wave transducer array 600, switch device 604, transmit/receive
switch section 202, drive section 204 and receive section 206 explained
previously. The ultrasonic wave transmit/receive section 702 is an example
of embodiment of the ultrasonic wave transmit/receive means of this
invention.
The data generation section 704 produces diagnostic data based on the echo
reception signal and puts the data in to the data compression section 706.
The data generation section 704 is equivalent to the diagnostic
information generation section 210 explained previously. The data
generation section 704 is an example of embodiment of the data generation
means of this invention.
The data compression section 706 compresses its input data and puts the
resulting data in to the data communication section 708. The data
compression section 706 is equivalent to the compression section 216
explained previously. The data compression section 706 is an example of
embodiment of the data compression means of this invention.
The data communication section 708 sends out its input data. The data
communication section 708 is equivalent to the communication section 218
explained previously. The data communication section 708 is an example of
embodiment of the data communication means of this invention.
The information unit 300 includes a data communication section 902, data
expansion section 904, and information generation section 906. The data
communication section 902 puts the received data in to the data expansion
section 904. The data communication section 902 is equivalent to the
communication section 400 explained previously. The data communication
section 902 is an example of embodiment of the data communication means of
this invention.
The data expansion section 904 expands its input data and puts the
resulting data in to the information generation section 906. The data
expansion section 904 is equivalent to the data expansion function of the
CPU 402 explained previously. The data expansion section 904 is an example
of embodiment of the data expansion means of this invention.
The information generation section 906 produces display information from
its input data. The information generation section 906 is equivalent to
the display information generation function of the CPU 402 explained
previously. The information generation section 906 is an example of
embodiment of the information generation means of this invention.
While the present invention has been explained in connection with a
preferred embodiment, various alterations and replacements are obviously
possible for those skilled in the technical field of this invention
without departing from the technical scope of the invention. Therefore,
the technical scope of this invention includes not only the foregoing
embodiment, but all forms that belongs to the Scope of claim for a Patent.
Many widely different embodiments of the invention may be configured
without departing from the spirit and the scope of the present invention.
It should be understood that the present invention is not limited to the
specific embodiments described in the specification, except as defined in
the appended claims.
*
